Economic Growth Second Edition
Growth Models with Consumer Optimization (the Ramsey Model)
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
Growth Models with Consumer Optimization (the Ramsey Model)
One shortcoming of the models that we analyzed in chapter 1 is that the saving rate—and, hence, the ratio of consumption to income—are exogenous and constant. By not allowing consumers to behave optimally, the analysis did not allow us to discuss how incentives affect the behavior of the economy. In particular, we could not think about how the economy reacted to changes in interest rates, tax rates, or other variables. In chapter 1 we showed that allowing for firms to behave optimally did not change any of the basic results of the Solow–Swan model. The main reason was that the overall amount of investment in the economy was still given by the saving of families, and that saving remained exogenous. To paint a more complete picture of the process of economic growth, we need to allow for the path of consumption and, hence, the saving rate to be determined by optimizing households and firms that interact on competitive markets. We deal here with infinitely lived households that choose consumption and saving to maximize their dynastic utility, subject to an intertemporal budget constraint. This specification of consumer behavior is a key element in the Ramsey growth model, as constructed by Ramsey (1928) and refined by Cass (1965) and Koopmans (1965). One finding will be that the saving rate is not constant in general but is instead a function of the per capita capital stock, k. Thus we modify the Solow–Swan model in two respects: first, we pin down the average level of the saving rate, and, second, we determine whether the saving rate rises or falls as the economy develops. We also learn how saving rates depend on interest rates and wealth and, in a later chapter, on tax rates and subsidies. The average level of the saving rate is especially important for the determination of the levels of variables in the steady state. In particular, the optimizing conditions in the Ramsey model preclude the kind of inefficient oversaving that was possible in the Solow–Swan model. The tendency for saving rates to rise or fall with economic development affects the transitional dynamics, for example, the speed of convergence to the steady state. If the saving rate rises with k, then the convergence speed is slower than that in the Solow– Swan model, and vice versa. We find, however, that even if the saving rate is rising, the convergence property still holds under fairly general conditions in the Ramsey model. That is, an economy still tends to grow faster in per capita terms when it is further from its own steady-state position. We show that the Solow–Swan model with a constant saving rate is a special case of the Ramsey model; moreover, this case corresponds to reasonable parameter values. Thus, it was worthwhile to begin with the Solow–Swan model as a tractable approximation to the optimizing framework. We also note, however, that the empirical evidence suggests that saving rates typically rise with per capita income during the transition to the steady state. The Ramsey model is consistent with this pattern, and the model allows us to assess the implications of this saving behavior for the transitional dynamics. Moreover, the optimizing 86 Chapter 2 framework will be essential in later chapters when we extend the Ramsey model in various respects and consider the possible roles for government policies. Such policies will, in general, affect the incentives to save. Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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