Economic Growth Second Edition
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
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- The Euler Equation
2.1.2
First-Order Conditions The mathematical methods for this type of dynamic optimization problem are discussed in the appendix on mathematics at the end of the book. We use these results here without further derivation. Begin with the present-value Hamiltonian, J = u[c(t)] · e −(ρ−n)t + ν(t) · {w(t) + [r(t) − n] · a(t) − c(t)} (2.5) where the expression in braces equals ˙a from equation (2.3). The variable ν(t) is the present- value shadow price of income. It represents the value of an increment of income received at time t in units of utils at time 0. 5 Notice that this shadow price depends on time because there 5. We could deal alternatively with the shadow price νe (ρ−n)t . This shadow price measures the value of an increment of income at time t in units of utils at time t. (See the discussion in the appendix on mathematics at the end of the book.) 90 Chapter 2 is one of them for each “constraint,” and the household faces a continuum of constraints, one for each instant. The first-order conditions for a maximum of U are ∂ J ∂c = 0 ⇒ ν = u (c)e −(ρ−n)t (2.6) ˙ν = −∂ J/∂a ⇒ ˙ν = −(r − n) · ν (2.7) The transversality condition is lim t →∞ [ ν(t) · a(t)] = 0 (2.8) The Euler Equation If we differentiate equation (2.6) with respect to time and substitute for ν from this equation and for ˙ν from equation (2.7), we get the basic condition for choosing consumption over time: r = ρ − du /dt u = ρ − u (c) · c u (c) · ( ˙c/c) (2.9) This equation says that households choose consumption so as to equate the rate of return, r , to the rate of time preference, ρ, plus the rate of decrease of the marginal utility of consumption, u , due to growing per capita consumption, c . The interest rate, r , on the left-hand side of equation (2.9) is the rate of return to saving. The far right-hand side of the equation can be viewed as the rate of return to consump- tion. Agents prefer to consume today rather than tomorrow for two reasons. First, because households discount future utility at rate ρ, this rate is part of the rate of return to con- sumption today. Second, if ˙c/c > 0, c is low today relative to tomorrow. Since agents like to smooth consumption over time—because u (c) < 0—they would like to even out the flow by bringing some future consumption forward to the present. The second term on the far right picks up this effect. If agents are optimizing, equation (2.9) says that they have equated the two rates of return and are therefore indifferent at the margin between consuming and saving. Another way to view equation (2.9) is that households would select a flat consumption profile, with ˙c/c = 0, if r = ρ. Households would be willing to depart from this flat pattern and sacrifice some consumption today for more consumption tomorrow—that is, tolerate ˙c/c > 0—only if they are compensated by an interest rate, r, that is sufficiently above ρ. The term [ −u (c)·c u (c) ] ·( ˙c/c) on the right-hand side of equation (2.9) gives the required amount of compensation. Note that the term in brackets is the magnitude of the elasticity of u (c) with respect to c. This elasticity, a measure of the concavity of u (c), determines the amount by which r must exceed ρ. If the elasticity is larger in magnitude, the required premium of r over ρ is greater for a given value of ˙c/c. Growth Models with Consumer Optimization 91 The magnitude of the elasticity of marginal utility, {[−u (c) · c]/[u (c)]}, is sometimes called the reciprocal of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. 6 Equation (2.9) shows that to find a steady state in which r and ˙c/c are constant, this elasticity must be constant asymptotically. We therefore follow the common practice of assuming the functional form u (c) = c (1−θ) − 1 (1 − θ) (2.10) where θ > 0, so that the elasticity of marginal utility equals the constant −θ. 7 The elasticity of substitution for this utility function is the constant σ = 1/θ. Hence, this form is called the constant intertemporal elasticity of substitution (CIES) utility function. The higher is θ, the more rapid is the proportionate decline in u (c) in response to increases in c and, hence, the less willing households are to accept deviations from a uniform pattern of c over time. As θ approaches 0, the utility function approaches a linear form in c; the linearity means that households are indifferent to the timing of consumption if r = ρ applies. The form of u (c) in equation (2.10) implies that the optimality condition from equa- tion (2.9) simplifies to ˙c/c = (1/θ) · (r − ρ) (2.11) Therefore, the relation between r and ρ determines whether households choose a pattern of per capita consumption that rises over time, stays constant, or falls over time. A lower will- ingness to substitute intertemporally (a higher value of θ) implies a smaller responsiveness of ˙c/c to the gap between r and ρ. Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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