Economic Growth Second Edition
Absolute and Conditional Convergence
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
1.2.10
Absolute and Conditional Convergence The fundamental equation of the Solow–Swan model (equation [1.23]) implies that the derivative of ˙ k /k with respect to k is negative: ∂( ˙k/k)/∂k = s · [ f (k) − f (k)/k]/k < 0 Other things equal, smaller values of k are associated with larger values of ˙ k /k. An important question arises: does this result mean that economies with lower capital per person tend to grow faster in per capita terms? In other words, does there tend to be convergence across economies? To answer these questions, consider a group of closed economies (say, isolated regions or countries) that are structurally similar in the sense that they have the same values of the pa- rameters s, n, and δ and also have the same production function f ( · ). Thus, the economies have the same steady-state values k ∗ and y ∗ . Imagine that the only difference among the economies is the initial quantity of capital per person k (0). These differences in starting val- ues could reflect past disturbances, such as wars or transitory shocks to production functions. The model then implies that the less-advanced economies—with lower values of k (0) and y (0)—have higher growth rates of k and, in the typical case, also higher growth rates of y. 19 19. This conclusion is unambiguous if the production function is Cobb–Douglas, if k ≤ k ∗ , or if k is only a small amount above k ∗ . Growth Models with Exogenous Saving Rates 45 Figure 1.4 distinguished two economies, one with the low initial value, k (0) poor , and the other with the high initial value, k (0) rich . Since each economy has the same underlying parameters, the dynamics of k are determined in each case by the same s · f (k)/k and n + δ curves. Hence, the growth rate ˙ k /k is unambiguously higher for the economy with the lower initial value, k (0) poor . This result implies a form of convergence: regions or countries with lower starting values of the capital-labor ratio have higher per capita growth rates ˙ k /k, and tend thereby to catch up or converge to those with higher capital-labor ratios. The hypothesis that poor economies tend to grow faster per capita than rich ones— without conditioning on any other characteristics of economies—is referred to as absolute convergence. This hypothesis receives only mixed reviews when confronted with data on groups of economies. We can look, for example, at the growth experience of a broad cross section of countries over the period 1960 to 2000. Figure 1.7 plots the average annual growth rate of real per capita GDP against the log of real per capita GDP at the start of the period, 1960, for 114 countries. The growth rates are actually positively correlated with the initial position; that is, there is some tendency for the initially richer countries to grow faster in per capita terms. Thus, this sample rejects the hypothesis of absolute convergence. .04 .02 .00 .02 .04 .06 .08 5 6 7 8 9 10 Growth rate of per capita GDP, 1960 – 2000 Log of per capita GDP in 1960 Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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