Education, upbringing and application of innovative technologies in the field of physical education and sport: problems and solutions

Khamrayeva Z.B., TFI teacher
Abstract: The motor abilities of children and adolescents are very closely related to their morphological and functional characteristics, specific for each age group. Track and field athletics are a good prevention of various diseases of the musculoskeletal system (flat feet, poor posture, scoliosis), respiratory and cardiovascular systems, have a beneficial effect on metabolic processes, increase the body's defenses. In this regard, this article shows the functional changes and age dynamics of young children in this area.
Key words: athletics, functional state, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, physical activity.
Аннотасия: Двигателььные способности детей и подростков очен тесно связаны с их морфофункциональными особенностями, характерными для каждой возрастной группы. Легкая атлетика является хорошей профильактикой различных заболеваний опорно-двигателььного аппарата (плоскостопие, нарушение осанки, сколиоз), дыхательной и сердечно-сосудистой систем, благотворно влияет на обменные просессы, повышает защитные силы организма. В связи с этим в данной статье показаны функциональные изменения и возрастная динамика детей раннего возраста в этой области.
Ключевые слова: легкая атлетика, функциональное состояние, сердечно­сосудистая система, дыхательная система, двигателььная активность.
Systematic athletics has a positive effect on the cardiovascular, muscular and even nervous system of young athletes, protecting the fragile body from stress and depression, restoring heart rate and keeping muscles in good shape.
The work carried out a systematic study of the influence of physical exercises on the functional state of children. The effectiveness of additional athletics lessons was shown, which was expressed in a dynamic increase in the levels of physical development and physical fitness of adolescents. Physiologically substantiated are motor modes oriented towards long-term optimization of the functional state during intense intellectual activity, and age-related features of the formation of the training effect are revealed. The ambiguity of the influence of programs of predominantly aerobic and anaerobic orientation identical in size, average intensity, volume and frequency of classes on the functional state of children of different ages has been established. Rational ratios of the main characteristics of the load for children aged 10-12 were determined.
Studies by a number of authors show that physical education and sports can cause not only favorable changes in the health status of children and adolescents, but also lead to pre­pathological and even pathological conditions. It has been established, in particular, that many schoolchildren who are actively involved in various sports sections are characterized by a high level of physical activity.
Efficiency as the main criterion for assessing changes in the functional state reflects its most pronounced, obvious shifts, while the transformation, deterioration of the functional state begins long before the moment when a drop in efficiency is noted. That is why the proponents of this approach propose, when defining the concept of "efficiency", not to be limited to external manifestations of activity, expressed in terms of labor productivity, quality and speed of work, the number of errors, failures, etc., but insist on taking into account the physiological costs of the body in the implementation of adaptive behavior.
An analysis of the parameters of the functional state of children, distributed by age, gender, in a state of calm wakefulness, the level of personal anxiety, the stages of puberty, the intensity of motivation, the level of physical performance, made it possible to establish that the most significant changes in the functional state during intense intellectual activity occur during periods associated with with qualitative transformations in the functioning of the most important physiological systems and restructuring of the basic mechanisms of adaptation of the child to social and natural factors.
The whole complex of data obtained and analyzed by us allows us to conclude that the main mechanism of the positive effect of physical activity on the functional state of the body of children during intense intellectual activity is a directed increase in nonspecific and specific components of adaptation, which manifests itself in expanding the functional capabilities of physiological systems and the formation of new programs for the deployment of adaptive reactions. The severity of non-specific components of long-term adaptation is determined by the magnitude of the load, and specific ones, first of all, by its direction.
Athletics, being a popular sport, contributes to the physical development of a person. In our time, sports is a broad form of recreation of physical culture. Regular training contributes to the development of motor skills such as strength, speed, endurance, coordination and flexibility, which are very necessary for a person in everyday life.
When doing sports, it is important to take into account the anatomical and physiological conditions of the child's body, which are important indicators of the child's development.
In the process of growth and development of the child's body, all functional systems of the body undergo constant changes. For example, the highest growth rate for girls is at the age of 10-12, and for boys at the age of 13-14, approximately 6-7 cm per year. The maximum increase in muscle mass (4-5 kg per year) was observed in girls at the age of 10, and in boys at the age of 12.
The uneven growth of some parts of the body leads to a temporary violation of the coordination of movements, clumsiness, clumsiness, discomfort. After 15 years, these events will gradually disappear.
At the same time, along with an increase in muscle mass, an intensive increase in the strength of many muscle groups occurs, which somewhat lags behind the growth of the total body weight. At this age, puberty begins, which begins due to the activation of the sex and endocrine glands. In functional terms, the child's body is not yet stable and is often subject to disruptions in the functioning of the body's functional systems and is prone to various diseases.
One of the promising directions in the organization of work to improve the health of athletes is a comprehensive monitoring of their physical development and physical fitness. To improve the health of students, a special role is played by the use of various rational motor modes and health-improving physical exercises that would satisfy the requirements of the training process and correspond to the patterns of development of the functional state of athletes.
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