English for

PHOTOCOPIABLE 
32
Lesson 2
Module 2
Answers
1 The past simple tense is used most frequently because the 
authors describe completed actions in the past.
2 sentences 7, 9. When authors describe something that is 
generally true, or procedures that are commonly used by 
others, they use the present simple tense.
3 were located, was limited, were analysed, was used, were 
identified, is calculated, can be grouped, were explored The 
passive voice is usually used in order to depersonalise the 
information. It helps authors to omit the agent (I or we) and put 
the emphasis on the research process itself.
4 Sentences 1, 11. Reasons: 1) Readers need to know who 
conducted the research; 2) The active voice may be used when 
passive structures become repetitive.
6 While the Language Support box provides some 
information for reference, the activity itself should focus 
on how the verb+ing form is used for the purposes in 1–3 
rather than on the full scope of gerunds and participles.
Answers
1 In sentences 2 (using), 5 (using), 9 (using)
2 In sentence 8 (by analysing)
3 In sentence 5 (for counting)
Listening
7 If your learners are not involved in research, you can 
discuss the equipment and materials they use in teaching 
or administrative work. Specific examples may help to 
enliven this discussion.
Learners’ own answers.
8 Play the recording once. The tutor’s advice may 
stimulate another round of discussion. For example 
you can ask ‘Have you ever tried to replicate another 
researcher’s experiment? Did you succeed?’ etc.
Audioscript 
25
Tutor: All right, we’re going to continue with how to write the 
Materials section which is often combined with the Methods. 
Let’s get started.
This is more than simply a list of the equipment you’ve 
used. Describe the purpose of all the materials and each 
piece of equipment. Then, write the procedure as thoroughly 
and completely as possible. If this section is done correctly, 
the reader can follow the instructions and replicate the 
experiment. A really important point is that you describe 
your materials so that other people can do your experiment 
in exactly the same way you did. You have to write really clear 
steps so that they don’t make any silly mistakes.