English for

Learners’ own answers.
7 Text 3 illustrates the academic nuance known as 
‘indicating the gap’ and two of the ways of doing so – 
nouns and negative openings. (These and others are listed 
in Activity 8.)
Answers
This is Stage 3 – indicating the gap
1 Despite 2 In addition 3 Although
8 The Language Support box contains some scaffolding 
material for learners to complete the next stage of the 
guided writing process – indicating the gap in their 
research. Make sure all possible issues of meaning and form 
are clarified at this stage. You can ask learners to exchange 
their boxes and check them in pairs or small groups.
Answers
Nouns – This indicates a need to …
Negative openings: In addition, little attention … 
… very few studies …
Most studies have only focused on … rather than
Writing
9–11 In this series of activities learners draft their 
Introduction, give it to a partner for feedback and then 
redraft their text. Make sure learners give feedback 
according to the criteria in Activity 10. If you are short of 
time, you can set Activity 11 as homework.
Learners’ own answers.
Follow-up
12, 13 These activities require learners’ independent 
work online and can be set as homework.
Unit 3 Describing research
By the end of this unit, learners will be able to
➡
structure the Introduction section of a research article 
➡
use appropriate language to indicate a gap in their field of 
research
➡
describe the methods and materials used in their research
➡
refer to visuals in their article
➡
write a draft description of their research results, 
highlighting the main results
Lesson 1 Introduction
Time: 90 minutes
By the end of this lesson, learners will be able to
➡
structure the Introduction section of a research article
➡
connect parts of the Introduction logically
➡
write a draft of the Introduction section of their article