English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
Activity C7.4
✪ E R G AT I V I T Y 165 The second student, who had taken a basic course in English grammar and knew something about the passive, suggested The window has been broken by us. ‘It focuses more on the thing affected than on those responsible for the action’, he said. But the other two said it was still too obvious who was responsible. The third student, more advanced, knew that the actor could be omitted in the passive. So he suggested The window has been broken. The first two nodded their agreement, but the fourth said ‘But the principal will still know that someone did it and will ask “Who by?” ’ Now this fourth student had read this book and so he knew all about the ergative, and how it could be used to present an action as a happening without any ‘actors’. So he suggested The window has broken. The other three looked at him in awe, and agreed. So that is what they said when they went to see the principal; and the principal just nodded and thanked them for telling him. MORAL: grammar is good for you. (© Roger Berry 2012) Comments Activity C7.1: In a) They refers to the clothes. We would normally expect clothes to be the object of clean, but here they are the subject and there is no object. Similarly, in b) the ship would normally be the object of build, or the subject of a passive ( . . . was being built), but here it is the subject. So although clean and build are normally transitive verbs, they are intransitive here, but intransitive in a different way from other verbs that we have already seen. Activity C7.2: fall intransitive Prices have fallen. bounce ergative He bounced the ball. / The ball bounced. show ergative He showed his anger. / His anger showed. die intransitive Those flowers are dying. (It can also be transitive with a cognate object: He died a painful death.) boil ergative She boiled the water. / The water boiled. dance transitive/intransitive They danced. / They danced a samba. Activity C7.3: Transitive: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 (interrogative), 11, 13 (passive), 15 Ergative (intransitive): 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 With the transitive sentences the subjects are basically agents (as discussed in A8 and D8), though in 11 and 13 the agent is not stated. With the ergatives, the subjects are basically people or things affected by the process of improvement. Activity C7.4: Transitive: 3 (passive), 4 (passive), 13, 16, 17 Ergative (intransitive): 1, 5, 9, 12, 18, 20 On lines 2, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19 closed is an adjective; see C5. Lines 6 and 11 are ambiguous; they could be transitive (passive) or adjective. 166 E X P L O R AT I O N Note the phrasal verb closed down (which can be ergative, just like close) Note that close can also be intransitive with an object omitted: She closed (her talk) by saying . . . Here it is not ergative. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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