English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- A7.3 Combinations of negatives and interrogatives
- Activity A7.2
NON-STANDARD FORMS
1. Ain’t is very common in speech and transcriptions as a nonstandard con traction of the present forms of both have and be combined with not: It ain’t gonna happen. (= isn’t; it also stands for aren’t) I ain’t done it. (= haven’t; it also stands for hasn’t) This happens also when be is a verb as well as an auxiliary (as it is in the above examples): She ain’t here. 2. Many dialects of English have a rule that allows for double negation, for example: I ain’t done nothing. The standard version of this would be: I haven’t done anything. A7.3 Combinations of negatives and interrogatives It is, of course, possible to have both a negative and an interrogative in the same sentence. However, there are two ways of doing it: 1. Invert only the auxiliary with the subject; keep not after the subject. Can you not wait? Do you not know her? This is formal. 2. Invert both auxiliary and not with the subject; this only happens if not is contracted. Can’t you wait? Don’t you know her? This is far more common, particularly in spoken English. There is one irregular contracted negative/interrogative form: Aren’t I . . . (along side Am I not . . . ). ✪ Activity A7.2 44 I N T R O D U C T I O N We can show how negatives, interrogatives and contractions systematically interact in the form of a diagram: Insert DO (She DO knows.) NO She knows. IS THERE AN AUXILIARY? YES I have understood. Varying verb phrases FOR NEGATIVE: INSERT NOT I have not understood. She does not know. FOR EMPHASIS: LEAVE UNCHANGED TRANSFER THE FINITE ELEMENT She does know. Does she know? (AUXILIARY) I’ve understood. I’ve not understood. (NOT ) I haven’t understood. She doesn’t know. Haven’t I understood? Doesn’t she know? Have I not understood? Does she not know? Have I understood? F O R I N T E R R O G A T I V E : I N V E R T C O N T R A C T Figure A7.3.1 Interaction of negatives, interrogatives and contractions This shows that interrogative inversion does not operate on auxiliary contraction. The dotted line indicates that contraction is bypassed. Take the sentence She is coming and process it in the same way. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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