English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Basic clause patterns or structures
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Activity A8.5 52 I N T R O D U C T I O N Comments
Basic clause patterns or structures
We can use different combinations of the five clause elements to analyse the struc ture of any basic clause in English. This gives a total of seven patterns (ignoring the repetition of optional adverbials): a) SV: We laughed. b) SVO: I found it. c) SVP: She looked sick. d) SVA: He was lying on the grass. e) SVOO: I bought him a drink. f ) SVOP: We painted it black. g) SVOA: I put it in his pocket. See C8 for practice on this. ✪ Activity A8.5 52 I N T R O D U C T I O N Comments Activity A8.1: Sentences 1, 3 and 5 have objects: my credit card, work and you. A teacher in 2 is a predicative; every day 4 and at the show in 5 are adverbials – see below. Activity A8.2: 1. I told everyone the story. 2. I found her a job. 3. Not possible, even though explain seems similar to other verbs with two objects. ‘She has explained me the problem’ is incorrect. 4. ‘I said her something wrong’ is wrong. Say does not allow this pattern. 5. ‘We put her this question’ is not possible. 6. Her aunt sent a present to her. 7. I wrote a letter to her. 8. I wrote a reference for her. Note how for is used here for a beneficiary and to in 7 for a recipient. 9. He asked a question of me. (This is a rare case where of is the preposition involved when a prepositional object can be linked to an indirect one.) From this we can see how it is important to know which patterns a verb allows (see B8). Activity A8.3: Turning her into the subject of a passive we get: She was elected class representative. But if we try to do the same with class leader we get nonsense: ‘Class leader was elected her (by us)’!? This shows that class representative is not an object, unlike her. It is, in fact, a ‘predicative’. Activity A8.4: In the man’s request, me is an indirect object and a taxi is a direct object; the structure intended is SVOiOd. We can see the meaning if we change the indirect object to a prepositional one: Can you call a taxi for me? However, the porter (deliberately) misinterprets it as SVOdPo, where me is regarded as a direct object and a taxi an object predicative; a paraphrase would be Can you say that I am a taxi? In the first interpretation call is a ditransitive verb, in the second a link transitive verb (see B8 for more on these). The meaning of call is different in the two interpretations as well – another example of meaning and grammar changing together. Activity A8.5: 1. When . . . 2. What . . . 3. Where . . . 4. What . . . Sentences 1 and 3 have adverbials, 2 and 4 have objects. Look into in 4 is a prepositional verb (see B6). |
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