English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Activity A8.1
NON-STANDARD FORM
In spoken English it is very common to use contracted is with existential there, regardless of whether the following noun is singular or plural: There’s many ways of doing it. Verb (V) The verb is the central element in a clause. It determines what other elements can occur in the clause, e.g. objects and predicatives. It even influences the choice of subject in a few cases (e.g. it with rain). Much more detail about types of verb is given in B8. Note that ‘verb’ as a clause element is not quite the same as ‘verb’ as a word class, as discussed in A5; here we are referring to the whole of the verb phrase. Object (O) The idea of object was introduced in A6, and the concept of transitivity, on which it depends is investigated in C6. 48 I N T R O D U C T I O N Identify the objects in these sentences. 1. They’ve found my credit card. 2. He became a teacher. 3. I hate work. 4. She runs every day. 5. We saw you at the show. Objects can consist of a noun phrase, pronoun, or another clause: the man. I know him. what you mean/that you like her. With personal pronouns the objective case is used – him in the above example (see B2). Usually objects come directly after the verb. There are three types: 1. Direct (Od) as in the three examples in Activity A8.1 above. Traditionally, direct objects are said to indicate the thing or person (or ‘patient’) affected by, or directly involved in, the action (I hit him , We saw them), or something that results from the action (the ‘resultant’): I wrote it. But in fact they cover a wider range of semantic roles. 2. Indirect (Oi) Typically, indirect objects indicate the human recipient or beneficiary of an action: I wrote them a letter. I gave her a good reference. When it cooccurs with a direct object, the indirect object comes first, as in the above examples. Usually indirect objects do not occur on their own, but with some verbs this is possible (although there is an implied object), for example: You can pay me now. (‘the money’) Indirect objects can be related to prepositional objects with a change of structure; see below. 3. Prepositional (Op) Prepositional objects are preceded by prepositions. In some cases these are part of prepositional verbs, for example: I can’t stop looking at her. In other cases prepositional objects can be related in meaning to indirect objects (with a change in word and no preposition). Thus I threw the ball to him. We bought a bike for her. are related in meaning to I threw him the ball. We bought her a bike. The preposition in these related cases is to (indicating a recipient) or for (a beneficiary). There may be a slight difference in emphasis between the indirect and prepositional versions (see A11 for an explanation), and in some cases no corresponding sentence is possible (see Activity A8.2 below). Activity A8.1 ✪ |
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