English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Activity A8.4
Adverbial (A)
Adverbials can consist of: an adverb phrase: ❏ He left very quickly. a prepositional phrase: ❏ I left it on the table. a clause: ❏ I fell asleep because I was tired. (See A10 for more on this.) a noun phrase: ❏ I’ll see you next week. a nonfinite clause: ❏ Recovering his composure , he turned and left. They can occur several times in a clause: Breathing heavily , I slowly walked to the car. As in the above example they can be placed in a number of positions: the start, middle and end of clauses. In the ‘middle’ position they can be placed after the first auxiliary in the verb phrase: I was slowly walking to the car. Activity A8.4 ✪ C L A U S E S A N D C L A U S E E L E M E N T S 51 They usually express circumstances surrounding the clause, and so are not so closely related to verb patterns (see B8). Indeed, in most cases they are optional, and so are not included in basic clause patterns listed below. However, there are a few situations where they are obligatory: I lay on the grass. He put it in his pocket. Here on the grass and in his pocket are necessary to make a clause; you could not say ‘I lay’ or ‘I put it’. The term ‘adverbial’ is similar to ‘adverb’, intentionally so, but they are different. The former is a clause element while the latter is a word class. While many adverbials are made up of adverb phrases, many consist of other units (e.g. prepositional phrases, as in the examples above). Equally, many adverbs (such as very) cannot be adverbials. However, there is a strong link, especially in the wide range of meanings that they cover: place, time, manner, reason/purpose, speaker attitudes and sentence relations. When we ask a question about an adverbial we use wh- words such as when, where, how, why (and how long, but not what): Where did he put it? This can help to distinguish adverbials from predicatives and objects (especially prepositional objects). Adverbials, as well as predicatives, can occur after the verb be: The snake was behind the fridge. (Where . . . ?) Use wh- questions to identify whether the underlined noun phrases are objects or adverbials (with the preposition included where appropriate). 1. We’ll meet this evening. 2. We started the day with a strong coffee. 3. He looked into the room. 4. I’ll look into the matter later. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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