English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Simple sentences
- Compound sentences
A9.2 Types of sentence
In order for us to talk about grammar at the sentence level, it helps to make a number of distinctions: 1. Major (or regular) sentences vs minor (or irregular) sentences. The purpose of this distinction is to distinguish the type of sentence we are interested in, namely major sentences. Minor sentences are incomplete; they lack some important element. There are various types; thus to a question such as When will she come? we might get the following responses: In the afternoon. (a prepositional phrase) Before her sister does. (a subordinate, adverbial, clause – see A10) Tonight. (an adverb/adverb phrase) Next week. (a noun phrase) These responses all have some grammar, but not on the sentence level, in that they constitute adverbials in terms of clause elements. They are sometimes called ‘frag ments’, since they can be seen as part of a major sentence. We can construct a major sentence for all of them using the original question, for example: She will come in the afternoon. There is one other type of minor sentence, socalled ‘nonsentences’, for example: No smoking. / Silence! Such nonsentences are typical of signs and headlines. Although they may have some grammar at the phrase level (e.g. the fact that there is a determiner preceding a noun in No smoking), they are different from fragments in that it is not certain what the equivalent major sentence should be: Smoking is not allowed (?), There is no smoking here (?). Say whether these newspaper headlines are major or minor sentences. 1. Ailing Maggie in hospital. (ailing = ‘sick’) 2. Save our schools by restoring teachers’ authority. 3. End to reading classes. 4. How your money is spent by the state. 2. Simple sentences vs multiple sentences. This distinction applies to major sentences. A simple sentence is one consisting of only one clause, while a multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. Since we have already dealt with the construction of clauses in A8, this section is mainly interested in multiple sentences, i.e. how clauses are combined. 3. Compound sentences vs complex sentences. These are two types of multiple sentence, reflecting the two main ways in which clauses are combined. They are discussed below. Activity A9.1 ✪ T Y P E S O F S E N T E N C E 55 This diagram shows the relationship between the various kinds of sentence described above: sentence compound multiple major simple complex non-sentence minor fragment Figure A9.2.1 The relationship between different types of sentence Look at this short paragraph taken from the text in C9 and answer the question underneath. The numbers in brackets indicate graphological sentences. (1) Here is how I came to love my mother. (2) How I saw in her my own true nature. (3) What was beneath my skin. (4) Inside my bones. There are four graphological sentences, but how many grammatical ones are there? Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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