A9.3 Conjunctions and subordinators
The conjunction is the last word class that we will encounter. Conjunctions are a
closed class; their function is to join two clauses together and show the meaning
relationship between them. There are two types of conjunction, parallel to the two
types of clause combination:
coordinating:
❏
and, but, or
subordinating, e.g.
❏
when, if, although, because, since, before, etc. Some consist of
more than one word: as soon as, so that.
There are also a number of other words that are used to introduce subordinate
clauses:
that
❏
: I know that you don’t like him. (see A10)
wh-
❏
words: I know what you mean. (see A10)
relative pronouns (see B10)
❏
if
❏
and whether in indirect questions (see B12): I wonder if /whether she’s coming.
These are sometimes called ‘subordinators’; the term can be extended to include all
subordinating conjunctions.
Although they are used differently, conjunctions cover similar meanings to link
ing adverbs and some prepositions. All show the connection in meaning between two
ideas. Thus:
but (coordinating conjunction)
although, though, yet (subordinating conjunction)
however, nevertheless, yet (linking adverbs)
despite, in spite of (prepositions)
all cover the idea of ‘concession’, that is where two ideas are somehow contra
dictory, and the second one would not be expected from the first. However, conjunc
tions create a closer connection than linking adverbs because they are in the same
sentence.
The four graphological sentences below illustrate the same basic meaning
relationships using different grammatical means: a coordinating conjunction
in 1, a subordinating conjunction in 2, a linking adverb in 3 and a preposi
tion in 4. Work out
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