42
I N T R O D U C T I O N
does not mean
I must not do it.
The former means there is a lack of obligation, while the latter means there is an
obligation not to do it. In other words the negation is transferred to the following
verb. We can also see this if we ask a question about obligation:
Must I come? –
No, you don’t have to. (Not
No, you must not.)
Other modals behave in the same way.
May, for example, has both types of negation:
You may not smoke. (= negation of permission, ‘you are not allowed to smoke’)
They may not be here. (= negation of
be, ‘it is possible that they are not here’)
Similarly,
can’t have is the ‘negative’ of
must have when used extrinsically (see B6) to
express a negative possibility:
He must have done it. – No, he can’t have. (= ‘it is not possible . . . )
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