2) descriptive vs prescriptive
This distinction refers to two approaches to secondary grammar: should we, in our
grammatical accounts, describe how English is used by its speakers (descriptive), or
offer rules on how some people think it should be used (prescriptive)? In the past
many prescriptive rules were made up about English which bore no relationship to
native speakers’ primary grammar; they were influenced by the grammar of Latin
(which is very different to English).
Although prescriptive rules are less commonly found nowadays, and are mainly
an obsession for native speakers of English, you may have heard some in your
studies, for instance the ‘rule’ that you should not say ‘If I was rich . . .’ but instead ‘If
I were rich . . .’. This is nonsense; native speakers say ‘If I was rich . . .’ all the time,
though if they want to sound very formal they may say ‘If I were rich . . .’. While
prescriptive rules offer an illusion of ‘correctness’, descriptive rules tend to be not so
black and white; they may talk about tendencies or something being appropriate in
one situation but not in another. So do not always expect to find absolute certainty
in grammar.
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