English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
A1.3 Types of grammar
Now that we have defined our ‘subject matter’, we still need to consider different approaches to it, or different types of grammar. We can make three distinctions: 1) primary (operational) vs secondary (analytic) When we say we know the grammar of a language it could mean one of two things. Either we know it perfectly because it is our first language (our L1) and we have learnt all the rules unconsciously, or we know about the grammar because we have been given rules by teachers or read about them in books. The two are not the same. Someone can have an extensive (secondary) knowledge of grammar but be unable to use those rules when speaking. To take one example: many learners of English ‘know’ consciously the rule about third person ‘s’ but do not apply it when they speak, which leads to errors such as ‘he think’. The difference is not simply between knowing an L1 unconsciously and studying a second language (L2) consciously. In the past it was common for schoolchildren A P P R O A C H E S T O G R A M M A R 5 to be taught something about the grammar of English as their L1. On the other hand, many people learn an L2 without studying it consciously and even those who do learn it in a formal situation may acquire some primary knowledge as well as secondary; in other words, they have intuitions about the grammar. Very often these intuitions may contradict what they have read or been told; the primary and secondary grammars do not agree. In this book you are encouraged in the activities to apply your intuitions, your primary grammar, even though it may be limited. The choice of terms here is deliberate. Primary grammar comes first, before a secondary knowledge of grammar; there are many languages, whose secondary grammar has not been described, but of course they still have (primary) grammar, otherwise their speakers could not use them to communicate. And secondary gram mar is usually (but not always – see below) an attempt to capture the rules of primary grammar. But these attempts are incomplete; even the longest grammars of English (which nowadays come to almost 2,000 pages) cannot cover all the rules that are inside a nativespeaker’s head. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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