English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
2.4 Example: at
The preposition at provides a particularly clear example of the flexibility and abstrac- tion involved in the coding of spatial relationships. Herskovits (1986: 128–40) argues that the function of at is to locate two entities at precisely the same point in space and construe them as geometric points. This provides an elegant account of various characteristics of the use of at, but it clearly involves a considerable degree of abstrac- tion and idealisation. Consider 17 as a case in point. 17. John is at the supermarket. This sentence would be an entirely natural utterance if I were at home telling someone where John was at that moment. However, I would be much less likely to say this if I were actually in the supermarket (or even just outside it), reporting the same situation. If I am close to or in the supermarket, it is difficult for me to conceptualise it as a geometric point in space. Given its size and salient materiality, it is much more natural to think of it in these circumstances as a container, as in 18. 18. John is in the supermarket. As one moves away from the supermarket, however, it becomes progressively easier to conceive of it as a point. This may well have something to do with the fact that, as we move away from objects in our visual field, their image on the retina grows smaller, so that at a given distance they begin to approximate to a point. A second piece of evidence supporting Herskovits’s characterisation of the meaning of at is the fact that if I arrange with someone to meet me ‘at the library’, this can cause difficulties when the time of meeting actually comes, since it does not specify whether the meeting is to take place inside or outside the building. This distinction is lost when the building is construed as a point. A third piece of evidence has to do with the situations in which it would be natural to use 19 rather than 20. 19. The café is at the highway. 20. The café is on the highway. At first sight 19 appears to constitute a counterexample to the claim that at involves the construal of the two elements involved in the relationship as geo- metric points, since this seems incompatible with the fact that a highway is a long, straight object, more naturally conceptualised as a line in geometric terms. In fact, the typical context of use for 19 is when I am moving along a path (for example, driving a car) and I say that the café is located at the place where my path intersects with the highway at some point ahead – a location that is quite naturally conceptualised as a point. Similarly, there is an implicit notion of path in each of the following. 212 E X T E N S I O N 21. The bomb exploded at 1000 feet. 22. We’ll hold a lifeboat drill at the Equator. 23. The horse fell at the water jump. In 21 the point at which the bomb exploded is the point at which its trajectory (path) intersects with the 1000 feet altitude level; in 22 the lifeboat drill will be held at the point where the ship’s path intersects with the line of the Equator; and in 23 the conceptualiser tracks the progress of the horse to the water jump, where it falls. The concept of path is also present in the following examples, but in a more abstract form. 24. The bird has a white band at its neck. 25. The bird is at the top of the tree. 26. There are bubbles at the surface. Whereas in 19–23 an actual physical movement is involved (that is, cars, ships, bombs, and horses follow paths through physical space), in 24–26 there is no such physical trajectory. Nevertheless, the cognitive claim is that there is movement in the following sense. What 24 implies is that the conceptualiser scans the body of the bird and comes across a white band when this scanning process reaches the neck; similarly, in 25 the scanning process moves across the tree, finding a bird when it reaches the top; and in 26 there is implicit movement through the liquid, encoun- tering bubbles when it reaches the surface. Further evidence for the notion that at involves some abstract notion of path in examples such as these is that the only circumstance in which a sentence such as John is at London is natural is if London is one of a series of points on a journey. Otherwise, it is more natural to conceive of London as a container than as a point. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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