English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
2.3 Example: on
Similar points can be made about examples containing on. If native speakers are asked to give an example of a sentence containing the word on, they tend to give one such as 12, in which two entities are in physical contact with each other, with one positioned above the other and supported by it. 12. the pen on the desk However, consider the following examples. 13. the writing on the paper 14. the poster on the wall 15. the wrinkles on the face 16. the fly on the ceiling The situation described in 13 is different from that in 12. Since writing is not a physical object, the relationship between tr and lm in 13 is not one of physical support. From the point of view of a human conceptualiser, however, it seems entirely natural to see this situation as analogous to 12. Since the writing is applied to the paper in a manner that bears some similarity to the way in which a pen is placed on a desk, the objective differences between the two situations can be ignored for coding purposes. Example 14 is judged by most speakers to be a slightly unusual use of on, because the wall is behind the poster rather than beneath it. (Other languages typi- cally do not use the word corresponding to on in this case; French, for example, uses à, meaning ‘at’ in English, rather than sur, ‘on’ in English, in this case.) This example is perhaps closer conceptually to 13 than to 12 in that the wall, like the paper, forms a background, with the writing and the poster as foregrounded or displayed entities. Something similar can be said of 15, where the face is construed as a back- ground against which the wrinkles are displayed, as opposed to the wrinkles in his face, which suggests that the wrinkles are etched more deeply into the skin and thus foregrounds the notion of embedding. Example (16) is unusual in that the topological relationship between the ceiling and the fly is precisely the opposite of that which holds in the normal situation coded by on. As we move from the prototypical situation to cases such as 13, the notion of display seems to assume as prominent a role in the situation as that of support, and it is perhaps this factor that motivates the incorporation of 16 into the ‘on’ category (though the fact that the ceiling functions as a resting place for the fly is clearly also relevant). What this shows is that members of the same category may differ from each other quite markedly with respect to the characteristics that qualify them for their membership. This poses a critical problem for the traditional (Aristo- telian) theory of category membership, according to which there is a necessary feature or features that all members of a category share (see Lakoff (1987: 161) for discus- sion). In chapter 3 it is noted that members of a particular category may in fact express meanings that are diametrically opposed to each other, since they connect to central (or ‘prototypical’) members by virtue of quite different features. |
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