English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
A8.2 Clause elements
We can identify five different elements that go to make up clauses. So far we have encountered three of them: subject, verb and object. But there are two more that we need to identify – predicatives and adverbials. All five are dealt with one by one below; their abbreviations are shown in brackets. Subject (S) Subjects can consist of a noun phrase (including pronoun): The house stands on top of a hill. It has excellent views. Clauses themselves can also be the subject in other clauses (see A10): What you did is unforgivable. The subject in English has a wide range of possible semantic roles. It is typically thought to represent the agent or the ‘doer’ of an action, but often this is not the case. Possible roles for subject include: the experiencer ( ❏ I saw) the ‘locative’, or the place of action ( ❏ This book talks about . . . ) in a passive, the thing or person ‘affected’ by an action ( ❏ He was abandoned . . . ) The reading in D8 gives a more detailed discussion of the roles that subjects can play in clauses. There are three formal properties that we can use to identify subjects: typically, they are the first element in a clause, as above, though they can be ❏ preceded by adverbials they invert with auxiliaries to form interrogatives (as we saw in A7) ❏ most importantly, they determine the form of the finite verb in the present ❏ tense. This last point is known as ‘subjectverb agreement’ (or ‘concord’). When the verb is in the present tense there is a special ‘thirdperson -s’ ending (see A5) that is used C L A U S E S A N D C L A U S E E L E M E N T S 47 when the subject is singular and is a thirdperson pronoun (he, she, it), a noun phrase or a clause, for example: He seems alright. However, subjectverb agreement is not always straightforward. We saw in A2 a number of cases where it can appear that subject/verb agreement is inconsistent, for example: The team has/have decided not to play. Such collective nouns, however, are not exceptions to the rule, as the noun can be considered either plural or singular. But there are other cases where the noun phrase (A3) and verb do not ‘agree’, for example with time periods or quantities: Ten years is a long time. Here the noun phrase ‘ten years’ is treated as a single unit, not a collection of ten separate years. Such cases of ‘notional’ agreement are common. Coordinated noun phrases normally have plural agreement, but can have singular if treated as one entity: Their defeat and subsequent surrender means that the war is over. There is another situation where agreement is problematic. This is where a post modifying noun in the subject noun phrase influences the verb because it is closer, rather than the head, for example: He is the only one of the students who know the answer. Here the head of the subject noun phrase is one, so the verb should be knows, but, because of the proximity of students, the plural form is chosen. This is not considered correct by many people. There is one situation where agreement does not depend on the subject. This is when the subject is ‘existential’ there, in which case the number of the following noun phrase determines the verb form, for example: There are many cases of absentee landlords. Note, however, that there is still the subject because it inverts with the verb: Are there . . . See A11 for more on this construction. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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