Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained


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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)

2.2.2 Language
2
Human verbal language (and its derivatives) are a specific form of the concept 
of language described in 2.2.1.: language
2
= lect. Written language and sign 
language for the deaf and hard of hearing, for example, are direct (secondary) 
derivatives of human verbal language. As Nida puts it:
Writing is itself secondary to speech. (1964: 30,
note 1)
Some codes, such as Morse and semaphore, are more strictly speaking 
‘secondary’ or ‘dependent’ codes, for they are entirely subordinate to 
language, which is a primary code. (Nida 1964: 30)
Written language can become relatively independent of spoken language over 
the course of time.
For example: the differences between the spelling and pronunciation 
of modern English; the aesthetics of the Egyptian hieroglyphic script 
and the religious value of Arabic calligraphy as a means of representa­
tion used in the Qur’an.


Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
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Such independence can turn into a translation problem.
For example: the translation of shape or visual poetry (versus cancel-
laticarmina figurata in Renaissance texts) or of concrete poetry (cf. 
Toury 1980a: 114­15).
We should distinguish these secondary derivatives of human verbal language 
from tertiary derivatives, e.g. traffic signs.
By lect, we not only refer to national languages (e.g. English, Spanish, 
which we would call paralects) but also to subforms on lower ranks, like 
dialects. Types of dialect include regional dialects or regiolects (like Broad 
Yorkshire), social dialects or sociolects (the lect of the lower as opposed to 
the upper classes in Britain, e.g. Cockney). An idiolect is the language va­
riety unique to an individual at a particular point in time (e.g. the language 
of Shakespeare, the language of James Joyce’s Ulysses). For terminology in 
German cf. Gerstenkorn (1971), Heger (1969).
Lects can cause translation problems. 
For example: in the translation of My Fair Lady for the German stage, 
the English regional sociolect (Cockney) was replaced by a German 
regiolect because German does not have regional sociolects.
For example: the style of a scholarly paper presented in English may 
be far less formal than that of a paper presented in German.

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