G20 summit, November 3-4, 2011, Cannes France
Figure 1. The structure of the "green" economy
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Figure 1. The structure of the "green" economy:
According to the UN Global Report on Human Development, "Sustainable Development and Equality of Opportunity: A Better Future for All", the challenge of social justice has many dimensions: between and within generations, between rich and poor countries. equality, observing justice in the distribution of income within individual countries. In particular, bridging the growing gap between rich and poor countries is a difficult issue. At the beginning of the 21st century, the richest 20% of the world's population accounted for 86% of consumer spending, and the poorest 20% accounted for 1.5% of spending. At the same time, we can describe the principles of "Green" economy as follows: "Green" economy is a means of achieving sustainable development. A "green" economy creates "green" jobs and supports employment. "Green" economy saves resources and energy. "Green" economy does not violate environmental restrictions. "Green" economy evaluates development not only through GDP, but also through environmental indicators. "Green" economy is mutual equality, justice between countries and generations. "Green" economy protects biodiversity and ecosystems. "Green" economy reduces poverty, provides welfare and social protection of the population. The implementation of the program of the European Union countries to increase the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by 20%, increase the efficiency of energy resources by 20%, increase the renewable energy sources by 20%, and reduce SO 2 emitted into the atmosphere in the transport system by 20% in the European economy. caused a radical change. In a study conducted by the Yale University of the USA on May 18, 2021, the "Environmental Efficiency Index" (EPI) of the countries was calculated according to 32 criteria (drinking water quality, annual volume of SO2 emitted into the atmosphere, biodiversity, environmental cleanliness, waste processing, adaptation to climate change, environmental infrastructure, afforestation, etc.), the following results were obtained: Here, first of all, we will get acquainted with the way of transition to the "Green" economy of Great Britain. In 2019, the UK Parliament passed legislation to reduce the country's emissions of greenhouse gases and SO 2 by 100% by 2050 . Under this law, Great Britain planned to invest 1.4 trillion pounds in 2020. This is an average of £50 billion per year between 2020 and 2050, on climate change adaptation, reducing SO 2 emissions to zero, switching to alternative energy consumption, electrifying transport, switching households to alternative energy sources . transfer to goods, full provision of fresh water supply to the population, environmental protection, disposal of household, commercial and industrial waste 60% recycling up to 40% plans to convert it into biogas and invest in areas related to human health. Committee on Climate Change According to (SSS) 40% of investments i to energy networks, electrification of the country's car fleet (transition to electric cars), 24% ini households 253 billion to provide hot water, provide natural gas and clean fresh water to the population, improve the use of alternative energy sources (wind and water energy sources) in settlements. f flour invests sterling. 2.5 mln. to achieve full employment of the population and "green" economic sectors. it is necessary to train workers-specialists. For example, there is a need to train specialists to work on compatible heat pumps instead of engineers working on gas boilers, or investments in areas such as retraining specialists during the transition from gasoline-powered cars to electric vehicles, reducing carbon-intensive industries is being entered. UK industry is still dependent on oil, gas and coal, so there is a lot of waste in this sector. In the UK, Yorkshire and the Gumber are home to some of the most carbon-intensive businesses. Fossil fuels (coal, oil) are produced a lot in the Midlands, so the emissions of SO 2 , greenhouse gases, are very high in these areas, which is the third highest in the country. Scotland has a well-developed renewable energy infrastructure and 11% of green jobs is equal to It is the UK's leader in green growth. Opportunities for 'green' growth have also developed in Wales . An average of £251 per citizen is spent on green economy research. Opportunities for green growth in London are limited. For example, charging points for electric vehicles in the city (70 per 100,000 population) is lagging behind the need even at the highest density. Northern Ireland's Green Growth Index is higher than London's. The energy sector and the automotive industry have strong opportunities in Northern England. East Anglia is a leader in knowledge and science for Great Britain and prepares qualified personnel for "green" economic sectors. In the East, £1,000 per head was spent in 2020 compared to all UK territories and regions. Almost 20 % of households in the East of England use renewable energy sources. But the East of England has the highest rates of transport emissions, with just 21 electric car charging points per 100,000 people. At the same time, 50% of the workforce will need to be retrained to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions in East Anglia. There is a lot of investment in clean energy (wind, offshore wind) in East Anglia. For the city of London to reduce greenhouse gases (SO 2 ) to zero, because London mainly has a service economy. London 24% of UK GDP ini, 17% of workers ini and 13% of the UK population ini, 9% of miscellaneous waste constitutes In 2019, 61,000 workers were employed in the car manufacturing industry in the Midlands, and it was necessary to invest in the development of electric transport in the city . The Midlands is an important energy producing center for the UK. Therefore, it is necessary to retrain the employees employed in the industry, to make large investments in improving their skills. Northern Britain has a significant vehicle manufacturing industry, with plans to build a £1bn electric vehicle hub, which will create 1,650 new jobs. Government 100 mln. used the funds to build a factory for the production of electric batteries. There are no large industrial clusters in Northern Ireland, production is dependent on fossil fuels. Agriculture is an important sector here, and 25% of the northern area occupies the Commercial and industrial waste 10% of UK waste constitutes In Northern Ireland, there are 17 electric vehicle charging points per 100,000 people. Ireland has two battery storage centers with a total capacity of 100MW. Scotland can take full advantage of the green economy. This will lead to zero emissions of greenhouse gases and SO 2 into the atmosphere by 2045 . In 2022, there were 21,000 "green" economic jobs in the country. greatest potential for wind energy among other regions of the UK , as hydropower is highly developed there, and there is strong potential for further energy development. Scotland is a major hub for the UK's fossil fuel industry. In addition, cattle breeding is well developed in Scotland, and the land is very fertile. In Scotland, an average of £444 was invested per citizen. There are 10 carbon-intensive industries operating in Wales , which emit a large amount of carbon monoxide SO 2 into the atmosphere, with high emissions , averaging over 2 kg per inhabitant. fainting. Wales is second only to Scotland in terms of talent pool for the "green" economy . Wales is the UK 's most important region for onshore wind energy and a major renewable energy producer automotive industry is well developed in Wales, and it produces engines together with the Japanese Toyota plant. Huge investments have been made in the electrification of cars of households from renewable energy sources in Wales only 5-6% use it, at a cost of £ 251 per head, which is a very low figure nationally, with 80% of households not connected to natural gas or hot water. In Wales , the implementation of digital technologies that reduce carbon emissions and convert these gases into other products is underway in the heavy industry and energy sectors . By 2040 , a plan has been drawn up to reduce SO 2 toxic gases emitted into the atmosphere to zero . Wales has a huge amount of household, commercial and transport waste, and 12 mini-plants have started to be built to process them, and they will start processing waste from 2022. In conclusion, it can be said that the regions emitting SO 2 gas into the atmosphere : Northern Ireland Wells Yorkshire and the Gumber Scotland Northern regions Midlands South-East South-West East Anglia London As Northern Ireland is an industrialized area, households are not connected to gas, they use coal, and there are many industries that consume a lot of coal, gas, oil, and the land fleet is fully electrified, leading Due to the shortage of specialist personnel and so on, it ranks first in the UK in terms of emissions of greenhouse gases and SO 2 into the atmosphere. In Great Britain, the following industries have developed: Horticulture and animal husbandry, hunting and service activities; Crude oil and natural gas extraction; Coke and oil processing, production of oil products; Production of chemicals and chemical products; Production of minerals; Production of metal and non-ferrous metals; Electricity: gas, steam and air conditioning production Waste collection, cleaning and disposal, processing, obtaining products from them; Logistics; Air transport. Location of UK greenhouse gas and carbon monoxide and SO2 emissions from industry, transport, households and businesses: Northern Ireland; Wells; Yorkshire and the Gumber; Scotland; Northern England; Midlands; South West England; East Anglia; South East England; London Cities like of industrial and commercial emissions (2020), Wales, Yorkshire and the Humber, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Midlands, South West, East Anglia, South East, London. Household waste (2020) is as follows: Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Yorkshire and the Humber, Northern England, Midlands, North East, East Anglia, South East London City, in which household The activities of networks and service sectors play a big role. Transport emissions (2020): East of England, North East of England, North East of England, Northern Ireland, Midlands, East West of England, Scotland, Wales, Yorkshire and the Humber, City of London depends on the operation of the vehicle infrastructure. "Green" subjects (technology, engineering, mathematics, physics...) by students studying in higher educational institutions (2019-2020 academic year): Scotland, Wales, London, Midlands, East-G West England, Yorkshire and the Gumber, Northern England, Northern Ireland (data from the UK Higher Education Statistics Agency). Renewable energy use (2020): West-East England, Scotland, Wales, Midlands, East Anglia, Yorkshire and the Gumber, Northern England, London, Northern Ireland. Here we got acquainted with the state of use of wind energy, hydropower energy and solar energy sources. Electric vehicle charging points 4(2020) by: London -68 , Scotland -40 , East West England -31 , Wales -25 , Northern England -27 , Midlands -21 , Eastern England -20 , Yorkshire Gumber -19 , Northern Ireland -16; it can be seen here that the majority of electric car charging points are in the city of London, where there are 68 operating charging points. Northern Ireland has the fewest charging points - 16. There are many challenges for the UK in its transition to a "Green" economy: "greening" of the economy; formation of "green" enterprises; wide implementation of "green" technologies in production; application of environmentally friendly information technologies to the infrastructure of industrial enterprises; ensuring that employees use "green" industrial computers; Data transfer protocol (low power idle technology) in the "Green" Internet network saves up to 75% of electricity consumption. The creation of a "green" business model in the country will lead to an efficient economy , develop the production of environmentally friendly "green" products. At the same time , there is a need to train specialist personnel for the "green" economy and adapt them to the requirements of the "green" enterprise. The UK's path to zero greenhouse gas emissions is far from clear, and so is the extent to which the UK's businesses can capture the global market for trading 'green' products and services. Denmark 82.5, Luxembourg 82.3 , Sweden 81.5, United Kingdom 80.3, France 80.0, Austria 79.6, Sweden 78.7, Norway 77.7, Germany 77.2, Spain 74 ,3, Netherlands 75.3, Belgium 73.5, Ireland 72.8, Iceland 72.3, Slovenia 72.0, Czech Republic 72.0 Italy 71.0, Malta 70.7, Greece 69.3, Slovakia 68, 3, Portugal 67.0, Israel 65.8, Estonia 65.3, Cyprus 64.8, Romania 64.7, Hungary 63.7, Croatia 63.3, Lithuania 62.8, Latvia 61.6, Poland 60, got 9 points. In terms of the cleanest climate, nature and environment, Japan 75.1, Australia 74.9, New Zealand 71.3, South Korea 66.5, Seychelles 58.2, Singapore 58.1, Taiwan 57.2 , and because these countries have clean air, climate, beautiful nature, biodiversity (sun, sand, water), it got the name " paradise on earth " . World experience of transition to "green" economy, transition to green economy foreign scientists V. Richter, K. Malyshkov, A. Rishalova, Pakhamov N.V., Piskulov and Uzbek scientists Vahabov A.V., Makhmudov N.M. engaged in the development of "green" economy in general have highlighted the trends: - By 2050, the population of our planet will reach 9 billion; - global climate change will occur; - the price of energy resources, raw materials, food products will increase by 40-50% and various crises will arise ; - the environment is polluted, 11 million per year. hectares of forests are cut down, ecosystems are destroyed, biodiversity decreases and the natural fertility of the soil decreases; - ecological refugees are created; - the amount of water in the lawn is reduced by 60-70% ; - In 2030, 47% of the planet's population will suffer from a lack of drinking water; - the earth will be filled with toxic waste and will be "buried " . The past economic, environmental and financial crises brought the world economy to a dead end. Because the only criterion of the traditional economy was money, and in this economy the ecological factor , i.e. the land, was denied. Because man dominated nature and greedily used natural resources for commercial purposes. As a result of this, market relations in the society were destroyed. Inefficient state policy was implemented, infrastructures failed. Problems of unemployment and poverty have arisen. Deforestation in many countries (especially the forests where rare trees and plants like juniper, cedar, oak are being cut down in the amount of 10-13 million hectares per year ) took on a normal shape . This causes the ECO balance to be disturbed (according to the UN report, 2.4 million people die from air pollution every year ) , 7 trillion dollars are lost in the world. 35 % of this economic loss is accounted for by the largest 3,000 energy companies. Taking into account the three components of the "green" economy: socio-social, natural (environment), economic (food, clothing, and service) aspects, by now, in the conditions of limited economic resources, non-stop, unlimited It is becoming clear that the needs of a shrinking society cannot be fully met , while at the same time, the entire existence on earth is interconnected, it is a fundamental structural element in the economy of developed, developing and countries transitioning to a market economy. changes are happening . In "green" economy, nature and man are considered as interrelated and inseparable factors. A person cannot live alone as a part of nature . Currently, childlessness , that is, infertility (even parents are healthy , but childless ) is developing due to environmental diseases, environmental pollution , waste , radioactive substances, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic radiation, some Some nutritional bio-additives are mutagenic in humans (zlakachestvenn y y opukhol). As a result of living in multi-storey buildings, people's immunity decreases , the quality of drinking water is poor , the air is poisoned , noise, and the deterioration of living conditions have a negative impact on the way of life . The concept of "green" economy, according to the definitions given by the international organizations UNEP, UNESCO, is to improve the economy, reduce toxic waste, recycle them , prevent pollution of water bodies , switch cars to liquid gas, biofuel , solar and wind energy . on the basis of use, it is possible to sustainably increase national income and ensure people's well-being. Uzbekistan's transition to a "green" economy is becoming a vital necessity. Because many types of our natural resources will be used up within 15-20 years (natural gas, coal). Even today, oil resources (Uzbekistan consumes 1 million, 300,000 tons of gasoline per year) have been used up. The limit of water resources is 53.5 billion. cubic meters, according to experts, it is currently 68 billion. must be cubic meters. Otherwise, it is necessary to reduce the cultivated land of wheat and cotton. The era demands efficient use of land, water and energy resources. According to the South Korean project, production of biofuels, construction of ENVION OIL GENERATOR mini-factories from plastic products, it was found that 3-5 barrels of oil can be obtained from each ton of plastic, which is 2 times cheaper than buying oil products from Russia and Kazakhstan . 3 times cheaper. Today, 50 out of every 100 families in Uzbekistan have a car, so it is desirable to transfer cars to biotops . In terms of burning one ton of gasoline, a car emits 600 kg of carbon monoxide, 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and 100 kg of various toxic carbons into the atmosphere, and absorbs 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere for a year. At first (2000-2004y), the economic growth in the society was stable, at the same time, the release of SO 2 carbon monoxide and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere increased, because in many cases economic growth was caused by the unlimited consumption of natural resources. occurs in return. In the "green" economy model, economic growth occurs without negative impact on the environment and ecology. Whereas the "green" economy supports the environment, rational use of natural resources, reduction of toxic gases released into the atmosphere, preservation of biodiversity, and introduction of investments in sectors. Thus, increasing energy efficiency in the production of "green" economy (reducing energy costs per product price), using renewable energy sources means achieving neutralization of greenhouse gases, SO 2 toxic gases. In Germany, the waste processing company HAMOS gets 500 liters of fuel from plastic bags, bottles, i.e. 1.5 tons of waste. The theory of "green" economy is based on the following three components. 1. In a limited natural environment, the sphere of influence of the economy and development cannot be expanded indefinitely. 2. In a situation where resources are limited, it is impossible to satisfy the unlimited needs that are constantly growing, therefore, the selection method is used. 3. All conditions and systems on Earth (here, the natural and economic environment) are interconnected. Today, the main reason for the wide spread of the theory of "Green" economy is that it is aimed at solving existing problems along with world economic crises, the global importance of existing environmental problems, and meeting the needs of "Green" economy. We know that at every stage of economic development, the environment, nature is the main element and factor of the economy, but the "green" economy cannot be the basis of sustainable development. A perfectly balanced interaction between nature and the economy is evident in the green economy model. The green economy developed in the following years and became an economic and social system. The main task of the "green" economy is to change production and consumption processes in accordance with ecological standards. In the business environment, the concept of "Green" economy is given a lot of attention, and financial funds, large capital owners, businessmen and ordinary citizens in some countries (for example, in Scandinavia, Singapore) have become promoters of "Green" economy. For example, the programs reduced the profit tax to 30% for five years, while in Norway, the Netherlands, the annual profit from the export of solar energy to neighboring countries was 20% of the income. Japan, South Korea, Sweden, and Singapore are leaders in the development of the "green" economy. Japan's Panasonic Corporation has built 1,000 smart homes near Tokyo. The remarkable aspect of this is that none of these houses emit SO 2 carbon monoxide gas into the atmosphere. That is, the energy consumed in the town is obtained from solar panels. Google and Apple, as pioneers of the "Green" economy in the US, have built a four hundred thousand hectare ecologically controlled park in China. France has stopped issuing licenses for oil and gas production and announced that it will stop generating electricity from coal from 2022. In the process of transition to a green economy, the potential and efficiency of natural, physical and human capital will increase dramatically (that is, input effects). For example, the importance of forestry in nature will increase, the productivity of agricultural land will increase, human capital will develop physically and mentally, diseases will decrease, and health will improve (the environment will become healthier, toxic waste will decrease). "Green" investments are actively entering utilities, transport, energy, health care. Society will switch to alternative energy sources. "Green" investments will be intensively spent on infrastructures, the provision of clean drinking water to the population will be improved, the use of bio-fuels will be switched instead of coal and natural gas, new "green" jobs will increase, additional incomes will increase. increases. At this point, it is worth noting that South Korea invested 3% of its GDP, that is, 60 billion US dollars, into "Green" sectors and introduced a single green payment card. Also, this country has encouraged the consumption of e co, bio goods and services. Alternative energy consumption in the US has increased to 65%. Japan's economy d a oil use has shrunk to 40%. In 2017-2021, Uzbekistan will spend 1.9 billion on projects in this field. spent an investment of US dollars. It is planned to spend 1.1 billion US dollars on the construction of solar photoelectric plants with a total capacity of 500 MW, and 700 million dollars on the construction of 8 hydroelectric power plants and 13 small hydroelectric power plants . According to researches, energy consumption for 1 square meter of space in the world is 120-150 kWh per year. In Uzbekistan , 390 kW/hour of energy is consumed for an area of the same size. It should be said that each country creates its own "green" economy based on the possibilities of using its economic, natural and labor resources, because there is no universal "green" economy model yet. In terms of modernization of the economy of Uzbekistan and the development of innovative industries, the place of the " green " economy can be highly evaluated. Because it can be said that Uzbekistan has great opportunities to transition to a "green" economy, is rich in natural resources, and has an unlimited source of solar energy. Republic in terms of solar energy is equal to 50,973 million tons of oil equivalent, while the gross potential of wind energy is estimated to be equal to 2.2 million tons of oil equivalent. It is known that in recent years systematic work has been carried out in our country on the development of green energy, in particular on the construction of solar and wind power plants. In this direction, 10 agreements on the construction of solar and wind power plants were signed in the past 3 short years. It should be noted that in August 2021, the first 100 MW solar photoelectric plant was put into operation in the Karmana district of the Navoi region. At the same time, in the 1st quarter of this year, it is planned to launch the second 100 MW large solar photoelectric plant in Nurabad district of Samar region . Even in 2022, major works are being carried out in the field of renewable energy sources. In particular, the signing of project agreements for the construction of 8 solar photoelectric power plants with a total capacity of 1,900 MW in Bukhara, Namangan, Khorezm, Kashkadarya, Fergana and other regions and wind power plants with a total capacity of 1,700 MW in the Republic of Karakalpakstan planned. At the same time, in 2023, 4 solar photoelectric plants with a total capacity of 1,097 MW will be built in Samarkand, Jizzakh, Navoi and Surkhandarya regions, and in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Bukhara (Gijduvon and Peshku) and Navoi regions with a total capacity of 1,600 MW. 4 wind power plants will start producing "green" energy. In the following years, solar photoelectric power plants with a total capacity of 3.0 kW at "UzSungwoo" LLC, 8.0 kW at Ko'kan and Baghdad grain products JSCs, and at the "Shimaliy Sokh" underground gas storage facility in Rishton district. 8 solar water heating collectors of 0.056 Gcal were put into operation. The average intensity of sunlight falling on the surface of the earth is equal to 2 kW/m 2 in European countries and 6 kW/m 2 in tropical and Asian countries . Solar energy production is 75 times more expensive than conventional energy production. Data on the flow of solar radiation and incident energy is a solar cadastre. On average, 300-320 days are sunny in Uzbekistan. The average temperature is +42 s., the length of the day is 16 hours. Uzbekistan has sufficient resources to transition to the "Green" economic system. The abundance of sunny days, the diversity of biological plants, creates a material basis for the production of substitute bio-oil products. It is known to be a source of biofuel production from leguminous plants (rapeseed, soybean, corn, sunflower, sorghum). Biofuel does not contain sulfur and benzene, ethanol level is 58. Here, nature itself provides raw materials, these plants do not require extra work, and additionally provides glycerin, sodium sulfate. Forests are also bioresources. Solid and liquid biomass can be obtained from their waste. Biofuel is a substitute source of energy, obtained mainly from biological raw materials (they are in the form of liquid, solid and gaseous fuels, they do not emit smoke, do not pollute the environment, burn completely ). Therefore, it is possible to obtain fuel resources (biomethanol, bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas and hydrogen) from biological plants, forests, animal and poultry waste. Today, several projects on the construction of thermal power plants have been launched in Uzbekistan. Among them: "Masdar" company of the UAE in Tomdi district of Navoi region worth 600 million. Agreements have been signed for the construction of a 500 MW wind power plant worth USD. When this station is put into full use in 2024, it will produce 1.8 billion kWh of electricity annually and 546 million in 1 year . cubic meter of natural gas is saved. Saudi Arabia's "ACWA Power" company signed an agreement to build 2 1000 MW thermal power plants worth 1.3 billion US dollars in Gijduvan and Peshko districts of Bukhara region. 6 billion kWh of electricity will be supplied and 1.1 billion cubic meters of natural gas will be saved per year. 110 million in Beruni and Karaozak districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. A tender was held jointly with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development for the construction of a 100 MW wind farm. "ACWA Power" company won the competition with a tariff proposal of 2.57 US cents per 1 kW ⋅ hour of electricity. When this station comes into operation in 2023, it will generate 350 million per year. produces 106 million kWh of electricity per year. saves cubic meters of natural gas. Studies show that the Ministry of Energy is ahead of schedule with the plans set out in the wind energy development concept. As a result, by 2030, the total capacity of thermal power plants in the country is expected to reach 5000 MW. Most of them are planned to be built in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Currently, the use of electricity is very expensive. That is, we use electricity 3-4 times more than other countries. 23% of energy is lost in its transmission to consumers, and 20% of gas resources are lost in the use of natural gas. The power transmission line is 80% obsolete and does not meet the demand. According to the experts of the Republican Economic Research Center and alternative energy sources institutions, 700,000 new jobs will be created based on the use of solar and wind energy, the use of solar power plants, and it is said that it is possible to produce one million tons of biofuels and 400,000 tons of artificial biofuels. Brazil was one of the first to widely use biofuels. 60 billion per year. liters of biofuel and 18.5 billion liters of biodiesel. In 2020, Brazil switched 80% of its urban transport to biofuels. Biotopliva has exempted companies producing biofuels from tax payments. "Green" universities were opened among the first in Brazil. Plan (2016-2020 ) , the Chinese state invested the most in the development of the green economy . For this reason, the 13th "Green Five-Year " was named. 2,000 enterprises that could not meet ecological requirements were closed. Solar energy factories were exempted from tax. Currently, the agricultural sector consumes 70% of the world's drinking water and 13% of waste (greenhouse gas emissions) and due to the use of current production technologies, the melorativ status of cultivated lands is deteriorating, the lands are becoming salty and dry, and biological plants are being overrun by weeds and insects. As a result of this, 5-10 million rural people are being poisoned by the environment . 80-100 thousand people die every year, 80 % of various diseases are caused by drinking water. According to the analysis of the World Bank, due to the demographic growth of the Central Asian region, in 2050 there will be 90 million people. people (30% of the population) face water shortages. In terms of improving agriculture, using natural resources in crop care, rational use of water resources, and production of more organic products, the US government spends 300 mln annually . is spending dollars, as a result of which the natural fertility of the soil has increased, new agrotechnical methods have been used, and cotton, wheat, corn, legumes and corn crops have been grown. Fertility has increased by 10-13%, and the quality of drinking water has improved. If we estimate the weight of the green economy in the world, today the "Green" economy in the USA is one trillion. provides eco-friendly products and services. That's 5% of US GDP and the employment is equal to 4 million people, in Japan - respectively 4% , i.e. 2 million people , in the countries of the European Union - 3% , i.e. 5 million people. Germany has phased out coal mining and is leading the way in exporting environmentally friendly products and services. The share of the green economy in the GDP of Great Britain (250 billion dollars) is 9-10%, its share in exports is 6% is organizing5 In 2014, a "solar" roof was installed in London. According to experts of the international energy agency in the USA, environmental society , 2.5% of the world gross domestic product ( GDP) should be spent on the transition to a "green" economy. will be enough, and the effectiveness of the "Green" economy will become the main factor in reducing poverty in the world and increasing the welfare of the people . Currently, 49% of the world's population lives in cities and consumes 65-75% of energy. 75-80% of waste is thrown into the environment. And this causes diseases in many cases, the atmosphere is poisoned when waste is burned , the composition of the soil deteriorates when they are buried , water sources , i.e. rivers, lakes are polluted, according to accounts ( UNEP international organization 15-25% of world GDP is lost as a result. In terms of the transition of the world economy to the " Green " economic system , the expected economic efficiency of switching from ordinary light bulbs to LED light bulbs is 2 trillion. dollars, the amount of waste dumped into the environment will decrease by 11 gigatons, the consumed oil resources will be 1 bln. per barrel will be saved and operating high-cost power plants will be closed. The technologies used in the economy of Uzbekistan are not economical and emit a lot of waste. for example 110 mln. tons of carbon dioxide SO 2 are released into the atmosphere every year, as a result of which 4.5 bln. dollars are being lost. 500 kW (million kWh/year) wind power plant IES (thermal energy station) prevents the emission of toxic substances into the atmosphere. That is, it prevents 750-1250 tons of SO 2 , 8 tons of sulfur dioxide, 6 tons of dust and 70 tons of ash-powder from being released into the atmosphere. Today (Tashkent) 8 clusters of solid household waste collection, processing and production of products from Uzbekistan are operating, with annual capacity of 146,000 tons, 400 tons of household waste per day . The i -processing plant is operational. A waste processing enterprise of 78,000 tons per year was built in Karakalpakstan. In the city of Navoi, a plant processing 200 tons of waste was put into operation . In addition, 186 landfills have been put into operation in Uzbekistan , and 34 mln. Tons of waste are buried in the ground. In the current conditions, one farmer in Uzbekistan feeds 10-13 people, while in countries that have switched to the "green economy" Sweden, Finland, India, and South Korea, 1 farmer feeds 50-60 people . feeding people.6 It should be said that the leading role in the development of renewable energy sources still belongs to the governments of developed countries. Thus, at the beginning of 2016, 173 countries have set goals for the development of renewable energy sources, and 146 countries have implemented policies to support this sector. Germany is the leading country in Europe in the field of energy production from ecologically clean sources . The German government invested heavily in renewable energy sources after the accident at Japan's Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant. Later , Chancellor Angela Merkel's cabinet decided to phase out all 17 nuclear power plants in Germany by 2022 . It was also assumed that renewable energy would reduce the country's dependence on energy imports and help fight monopolies in this sector of the economy. In 2014, wind, solar, biomass and hydro accounted for 26.2% of all electricity generated in Germany provided and for the first time the traditional leader of the industry on this indicator - 25.4% exceeded the share of brown coal, which was According to some experts, by 2030, the country can move away from all energy fuels, as well as nuclear energy sources, and completely switch to renewable energy sources. By 2025, Germany aims to reach 147.4 gigawatts of electricity generation from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and water. The U.S., Canada and Mexico are also pushing for green energy—by 2025, they plan to get half of all North American energy from renewable sources. Currently, they account for 37% of energy production in the United States, Canada, and Mexico . Ireland set a clean energy production record this January. Local wind generators produced 2.8 thousand MW of power for several hours. This volume is 1.2 mln. it will be enough to supply the house with electricity. Will achieve a doubling of its share in the global energy balance, increase the world GDP by 0.6-1.1% by 2030, as well as 24 million they believe that jobs will be created. This positive effect on GDP is due to increased investment in countries such as Australia, Brazil, Germany and South Africa. These investments will have a "ripple" effect on the global economy: the development of renewable energy sources will affect the production of energy equipment as well as the delivery of services. An increase in the production of equipment for renewable energy facilities , while the sale of traditional fuels gradually decreases. Some developing countries have significantly increased their exports of renewable energy equipment in recent years. For example, by 2016, China supplied solar cells with a total value of more than 10 billion dollars. Today, countries such as Hungary, Finland , the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria must choose between expensive renewable energy sources or polluting coal generation. Compared to the situation ten years ago, the development of technologies today can significantly reduce the cost of building renewable energy facilities. For example, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), if the average price of industrial wind turbines at the beginning of 2009 was 1.94 million per megawatt. was 1.03 million dollars in 2018. At the same time, traditional energy facilities are obsolete: according to a study by the International Energy Agency, by 2045, almost a third of the world's generation capacity will end their service life, and these capacities will need to be replaced by other volumes. ladi In addition, (BNEF) reports that the demand for electricity will increase by 62% by 2050 due to the rapid development of technologies. This means that by this year, energy production should increase three times . At the same time, in most countries of the world, switching to solar and wind energy represents the most cost-effective option. According to preliminary data, about 13.3 trillion dollars of investments will be required to meet the demand for electricity in 2050, of which 5.3 trillion dollars will come from solar energy and 4.2 trillion i from wind. According to the same forecasts, by 2050, the share of coal in the world will decrease from the current 37% to 12%, and the use of oil as a fuel will be minimized. Wind and solar energy production will increase between 7 and 48%, while hydro, natural gas and nuclear power will remain roughly the same. According to the IEA and the World Bank, more than 1.1 billion people in the world live without electricity - that's 14% of the world's population. Also, 2.6 billion people still have to light fire for cooking and heating. According to preliminary estimates, these numbers will officially remain largely unchanged by 2030 : 1 billion people will still have access to electricity, and 2.5 billion will continue to rely on biofuels. Environmental protection is the main motivation for the use of renewable energy sources. If the extraction and use of hydrocarbon raw materials leads to a large number of undesirable consequences for the environment (for example, deforestation), renewable energy equipment does not emit negative emissions into the atmosphere. Wind and sun are the cleanest and most stable renewable energy sources . The term "renewable" indicates that such energy sources are energy sources that do not run out, unlike oil wells and natural gas fields. This means that they can be a worthy alternative to fossil fuels . One of the most serious environmental threats of the 21st century is carbon dioxide, that is, the sum of all greenhouse gas emissions created as a result of human activity. In the 20th century, industrial oil production had a significant impact on living standards and fundamentally changed the world economy. At the same time , it caused a sharp deterioration of the environment . Nature is a self-reproducing, self-regulating system, it reproduces the spent natural resources and neutralizes the polluting and toxic substances thrown into it and keeps the ecological balance. Today's nature has lost this characteristic, and various crisis situations are occurring in it, and environmental restrictions are being imposed on sustainable economic development. Humanity is faced with an ever-increasing conflict between its diverse needs, which are constantly growing, and the possibilities of the biosphere, which are unable to fully satisfy them. Carbon pollution will lead to an alarming increase in the frequency of natural disasters across the planet and irreversible changes in the balance of our climate, which will directly affect human health, among other things (i.e. causing incurable "cancer" type diseases). . Carbon footprint reduction has risen to the level of public policy in the world's most advanced countries. To this end, energy-efficient production will be encouraged and environmental programs will be adopted, and the philosophy of consumption will change significantly. According to the American Wind Energy Association, in 2018, the electricity produced by wind turbines was released into the atmosphere by about 200 million. tons of SO 2 emissions were prevented: an average of 43 mln. a car emits the same amount of carbon dioxide per year. The use of such devices does not mean the use of water, which means that it reduces the use of water resources. US wind power is the fastest growing renewable energy industry in the country. From January to December 2020, wind power generated 337.5 terawatt-hours, or 8.42% of all electricity generated in the United States. In 2019, wind power surpassed hydropower as the largest source of renewable energy produced in the United States. As of January 2021, the total installed wind power capacity in the US was 122,478 MW, the third largest after China and the European Union. World experience shows that the "green economy" stimulates regional development, achieving social stability, increasing economic potential through the creation of new jobs in the "green economy" sectors. "Green economy" mainly helps the economic development and increases the gross domestic product, increases the income of the country, provides employment to the population, and reduces the level of unemployment in the country. At the same time, the transition to a "green economy" will reduce the risk of global threats such as climate change, the loss of minerals and the scarcity of water resources. However, if the entire world development is taken into account, its generality is revealed, i.e., when the current world civilization has gathered strength and reached the peak of its power, unless all the countries of the world choose an ecologically oriented model for economic development, globalization under these conditions, we can conclude that the entire planet is in danger of gradual decline and complete extinction. Summary Today's situation of the energy sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan is somewhat difficult. Although the installed capacity is 12 GW in the document, there are 10 GW in practice, and the Republic's needs require 15-20 GW of power. First of all, it is necessary to prevent losses of electricity from the producer to the consumer. For example, the loss in foreign countries is 5%, and in Uzbekistan it is 20%. In short, investments in wind energy, water energy and solar energy in Uzbekistan will lead to the possibility of producing 6 times more electricity than we need for Uzbekistan. The availability of opportunities to meet the need for financing the "green economy", the rapid growth and increasing orientation of the capital market to the "green economy", the development of market levers such as carbon financing and microfinancing, and the funds created in response to the economic downturn of recent years are global Yashil provides large-scale financing of economic reforms aimed at the development of the "Green" economy. But these flows are far less than the investment needs. Therefore, in the near future, it will be necessary to create a favorable investment environment for private investments while increasing the flow of investments into the "green economy". In the financing of investment projects, it is effective for the private sector to use political, financial and tax levers that serve to support the "green economy" by the state. Issues included in the "green" economy strategy of Uzbekistan: wide use of alternative energy sources in the economic and social spheres; improvement of energy efficiency in housing and communal facilities; promotion of development of organic products in agriculture; starting production of products and biogas from waste; to fully meet the needs of the population for clean drinking water (by increasing the sewers); In the last five years, 10 trillion soums have been spent on improving the water supply of the population in Uzbekistan, or 5 times more than in previous years, 6.5 mln . the population was provided with clean drinking water. In the next five years, 40 trillion soums will be spent, and water supply to the population will reach 90%. formation and development of "green" transport; Support of "green" business, tax exemption for "green" companies; Production and implementation of ecological "green" plastic cards; transition to the principle of ecological management in socio-economic processes; Implementation of the "green" tax system. of the "green" economy on a global scale, the attention to the factors related to human health is increasing. In the following years, in countries (Sweden, Singapore, South Korea, Denmark, Switzerland, etc.) it is planned to achieve economic efficiency and environmental balance ("win-win" policy) in "green" financing of economic and social networks . This is the process of ecological balance, reduction of toxic emissions into the atmosphere, achievement of carbon neutrality, rational use of natural resources, transition to low-waste production. In order to achieve this goal, economic and environmental policies are combined. Thus, the main problem in the effective implementation of the "Green" economy concept is the introduction of additional investments in the development of "green" technologies that save energy and resources, alternative energy, popularization of "green" business, and "green" entrepreneurship . The complexity of scientific substantiation of the relevance of the transition to a "green" economy, the high level of uncertainty in predicting environmental problems make it difficult to explain this concept in an understandable, simple way . For example, there is no global agreement on reducing the duration and level of greenhouse gases SO 2 into the atmosphere. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere is increasing. The concept of transition to a "green" economy is of special importance for each country and depends on the level of social and economic development of the country. 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