Grammar book for teaching
D. SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES
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- II. REDUCTION IN ADVERB CLAUSES
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D. SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSESSubjunctive – феълнинг оддий шакли булиб, истак, буйрук, таклиф мазмунидаги бир гурух сузлардан сунг келувчи that - от эргаш гапларида кулланилади. Subjunctive – феъллардан сунг: S1 + V1(any tense) + that + S2 + V(Simple) subjunctive I recommend that he take the bus. I recommend that he take the bus. Verbs: demand suggest stipulate order insist recommend command urge request advise decree ask propose move (= suggest) The teacher advised that she take the elementary course. Jane insisted that John be on time for the meeting. The librarian demanded that he return the books he borrowed from her. The local council has decreed that the hospital be closed. I’d like to move that the proposal be accepted. Lit suggested that I try the shop on Mill Road. The accountant proposes that we wait until the budget has been announced before committing ourselves to any expenditure. The general commanded troops cross the water. The solicitor asked that her client be allowed to make a telephone call. Lawyers will urge that the parents take further legal action. Subjunctive – сифатлардан сунг: It + be any tense + adjective + that + S + V (Simple) subjunctive Adjectives: important mandatory required necessary obligatory essential urgent vital advised crucial proposed imperative recommended It was essential that I meet you yesterday. Is it necessary that everyone be present here? It is vital that no one else know about the secret between you and me. It is crucial that the problem be tackled immediately. The president said it was imperative that the release off all hostages be secured. Subjunctive – отлардан сунг: S1 + V any tense + noun + that + S2 + V (Simple) subjunctive It is a legal requirement that one have insurance for his car. Nouns: a requirement a law an ordinance a necessity a regulation It is a city ordinance that all pet owners keep their pets on a leash. It is state law that children be vaccinated before entering the first grade II. REDUCTION IN ADVERB CLAUSESСифат эргаш гаплар сингари равиш эргаш гапларни хам факатгина равиш эргаш гапли кушма гап эгаси билан бош гап эгаси бир киши / нарса булсагина кискартириш мумкин: While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep. = While sitting in class, I fell asleep. While the teacher was lecturing, I fell asleep. (a) гапда эргаш гап ва бош гап эгалари бир кишидан иборат ; (b) ни кискартириб булмайди, чунки бош ва эргаш гап эгалари бир кишидан иборат эмас. WHILE / AS / SINCE / BECAUSE + S + V (CAUSE & EFFECT) As he knew that he wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey, he took large supplies with him. = Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey, he took large supplies with him. As he feared that the police would recognize him, he never went out in daylight. = Fearing that the police would recognize him, he never went out in daylight. As he didn’t know the language and had no friends in the town, he found it hard to get work. = Not knowing the language and having no friends in the town, he found it hard to get work. While she accepts that he's not perfect in many respects, she does actually quite like the man. = Accepting that he’s not perfect in many respects, she does actually quite like the man. I didn't tell her that he was late since I didn't want to cause her any alarm. = I didn't tell her that he was late not wanting to cause her any alarm. Because she needed some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check. = Needing some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check. SINCE / AFTER / BEFORE / WHILE + S + V (TIME CLAUSES) Юкоридаги сузлар билан бошланувчи завиш эргаш гапларни мос равишда since / after / before предлоглари хамда while сузи ёрдамида кискартириш мумкин: Before I came to class I had a cup of tea. = Before coming to class, I had a cup of coffee. Since Bahodir came here he has learnt English a lot. = Since coming here Bahodir has learnt English a lot. One should always check a contract before he signs it. = One should always check a contract before signing it. After she had finished her shopping, she went home. = After finishing her shopping, she went home. NOTE: to be феъли асосий феъл булиб келган равиш эргаш гапларни (жумладан пассив гаплар хам), being тарзида кискартирилади: Because she was unable to come, she informed us about it. = Being unable to come, she informed us about it. Carol couldn’t find any words to reply because she was totally surprised by his proposal of the marriage. = Carol couldn’t find any words to reply being totally surprised. Being a student he was naturally interested in museums. = Because / As he was a student he was naturally interested in museums. She stopped taking lessons because she was convinced that she could never learn to play the piano. = She stopped taking lessons being convinced that she could never learn to play the piano. I heard about the party before I was invited to it. = I heard about the party before being invited to it. PRESENT & PAST PARTICIPLE JOINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES Иккита мустакил гапларнинг эгалари бир киши ёки нарсадан иборат булиб, иш харакатлар бир вактда содир булса, Present Participle (Ving) мустакил гап урнини эгаллаши мумкин. He rode away. He whistled as he went. = He rode away whistling. (У хуштак чалиб кетди.)
He holds the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the water. = Holding the rope with one hand, he stretches out the other to the boy in the water. Эга бирор иш харакатни килаётиб ёки кила туриб бошка бирини бажаради: She went out, slamming the door. (У эшикни каттик ёпиб, ташкарига чикиб кетди.)
He fired wounding one of the bandits. (У безорилардан бирини яралаб, ук узди.) I fell striking my head against the door and cutting it. (Мен эшикка бошимни уриб ва киркиб олиб, йикилдим.) Пассив гапларда кискартмалар учун Past Participle куллаш керак: She enters. She is accompanied by her mother. = She enters, accompanied by her mother. He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet. = He leapt to his feet aroused by the crash. The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe. = Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. (Exercise га бирор нарса килиш керак) (not) + having + V (Perfect) Эга ушбу феъл ифодалаган иш харакат(лар)ни содир этиб булиб, бошкасига утади; V(Perfect) ифодалаган иш харакат содир булиб тугагандан сунг кейингиси содир булади.
(курсатмаларни укиб булиб, у ут учиргични тортиб олди.) Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again. (икки марта йикилиб яна харакат килишини хохламайди) Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard it to accept orders from another Having taken off our shoes, we crept cautiously along the passage. Having eaten his dinner, he rushed out of the house. Not having received any letters from her, I wrote the letter. (not) +having been + V (Perfect) Пассив гаплар Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home. (Безорилар тугрисида хабардор этилгандан сунг….) Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up. (икки марта итиммиз тишлаб олгандан сунг…) Having been beaten by the gangsters, John couldn’t walk for more than two months. Having been threatened constantly by the older boys, the little boy complained about them. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES WITH THE SAME MEANING AS ADVERB CLAUSES Бир гурух предлоглар ва предлогли брикмалар ёрдамида равиш эргаш гапларнинг мазмунини ифодалаш мумкин. Предлогли брикмалардан сунг от ёки отли бирикма, равиш эргаш гап богловчисидан сунг эса тула гап кулланади, яъни:
He chose that university because of its fine reputation. adverb clause marker (богловчи) + S + V… He chose that university because it has high reputation among the universities of the country.
He managed to eat a big lunch despite having eaten an enormous breakfast. = Jack managed to eat a big lunch even though he has eaten an enormous breakfast. The bus was late because of the heavy traffic. (= because there was heavy traffic) Due to Dr Robinson’s excellent research on wolves, we know much about endangered species. (Because Dr Robinson has done excellent research on wolves, we know much about endangered.) Despite repeated assurance that the product is safe, many people have stopped buying it. = Although the company has assured that the product is safe, many people have stopped buying it. Dinner was somewhat delayed on account of David’s rather tardy arrival. = Dinner was somewhat delayed because David came late. REDUCED DEPENDENT CLAUSES – Qisqartirilgan ergash gaplar Qisqartirilgan ergash gaplar Bu ergash gaplar o’rniga muayyan ko’rinishdagi so’z birikmalarini qo’llash xisoblanadi. Ko’p xollarda qisqa so’z birikmalari Present participle va past participle(Vperfect) dan iborat bo’ladi. Эътибор беринг ушбу кискартма who / that – сифат эргаш гапнинг эгаси булган холлардагина куланилади. Сифатэргашгапактивбулса, PresentParticipleкискартирилганшаклсифатидакулланишимумкин: People who are / were waitingfor the bus often shelter / sheltered in my doorway. = People waiting for the bus often shelter / sheltered in my doorway. (people & who are the same people) Passengers who travel on this bus buy their tickets in books. = Passengers traveling on this bus buy their tickets in books. (passengers & who are the same people) Boys who attend this school have to wear uniform. = Boys attending this school have to wear uniform. (boys & who are the same people)
a law whichforbids / forbade the import = a law forbidding the import a notice whichwarns / warned people = a notice warning people people whowish / wished to go on the tour = people wishing to go on the tour an advertisement whichurges / urged = an advertisement urging fans whohope / hoped for a glimpse of the star = fans hoping for a glimpse of the star
Peter, who thought the journey, would take two days, said. …………… = Peter, thinking the journey would take two days, said……………….
Tom, expecting to be paid the following week, offered…………. Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, took her to……… = Bill, wanting to make an impression on Ann, took her to……… Сифат эргашгап пассив мазмунда булганида PastParticiple (V(Perfect)) ни кискарма шакл сифатида кулланилади: Bill Clinton, who was reelected in 1996, was formerly the governor of the country. = Bill Clinton, reelected in 1996, was formerly the governor of the country.
She comes from a city located in the eastern part of country. Make sure that you follow all the instructions that are given at the top of the page. = Make sure that you follow all the instructions given at the top of the page. The article, which was published in the newspaper, broke the news to the public. = The article, published in the newspaper, broke the news to the public. The summary that is presentedin this book states that……… = The summary presented in this book states that……… APPOSITIVES Appositive – бу от ёки отли суз бирикмаси булиб, бош гап таркибидаги бирор от тугрисидаги ахборот беради. Мазмунан, appositive – to be феъли катнашган чегараламовчи сифат эргаш гапнинг кискарган шаклидир. Лекин сифат эргаш гапларни кискартирилганда иш харакатларни билдирувчи сузб рикмалари катнашади, appositive таркибида эса ишхаракат булмайди. Appositiveвергулбиланажратилади. The war known as the Glorious Revolution is often referred to as King Williams’s war. (кискартирилгансифатсузбрикмаси) The big tree in front of the house,a 100-year-old oak, presents a danger since it is nearly dead. (appositive) Oak, which is one of the most durable hard woods, is often used to make furniture. = Oak, one of the most durable hard woods, is often used to make furniture. NOTE: Appositive гапнинг эгасиниизохлабкелганхолда, узиизохлаётганотданаввалжойлаштирилишихаммумкин: The National Road, one of the first highways in North America, connected the east Coast to S appositive the OhioValley. =
AppositiveS the OhioValley.
S appositive sun.
sun.
More examples: Joseph Henry, the first director of the Smithsonian Institution, was President Lincoln’s adviser on scientific matters. The organs of taste are the taste buds, group of cells that are mainly located on the tongue. Norman Weiner, a mathematician and logician, had an important role in the development the computer. Jerome Kern’s most famous work is Showboat, one of the finest, most enduring comedies. The Wasatch Range, a part of the Rocky Mountains, extends from southeastern Idaho into northern Utah. THE INFINITIVE & THE GERUNDTHE INFINITIVE USE A. infinitive – appear, be, seem феьллари катнашган гапларда эга булиб келиши мумкин: To compromise appears advisable. To go overseas on your own is very brave. To lean out of the window is dangerous. To save money seems impossible. To have made the same mistake was unforgivable. To have loved and lost than never to have loved at all. Лекин юкоридаги гаплар урнига it appear / be / seem + adjective + infinitive курилмасини куллаш маькулрок: It appears advisable to compromise. It is very brave to go overseas on your own. It is dangerous to lean out of the window. It seems impossible to save money. It would be safe to camp here. Wouldn’t it be better to go on?
It would be a crime / a mistake / a pity to cut down more trees. It is an offence to drop litter in the street. It would be a shame to waste the vegetables. B. VERBS AS COMPLEMENTS – ТУЛДИРУВЧИ ВАЗИФАСИДАГИ КЕСИМ A lot of people fail their driving tests the first time. Complement Mary wants a large house. Complement We appreciate the need for immediate action. Complement I am sorry; I’ve forgotten your name. Complement Юкоридаги мисолларда ажратиб курсатлганидек феьлларнинг тулдирувчилари одатда от ёки отли бирикмалардан иборат булади. Бундан ташкари, феълларнинг тулдирувчилври бошка феьллардан хам ибрат булиши мумкин. Бошка бир феьл асосий феьлга тулдирувчи булиб келса, у феьлнинг ёки инфинитив, ёки герурдий шаклида булиши керак, яъни: infinitive V + noun complement ёки V + verb complement gerund
She agreed to pay $ 50. He admitted taking the money. complement complement We offered to stay up all night. complement Демак, Тулдирувчи сифатидаги феьллар 2 хил куринишга эга экан. Уларнинг кай бирини куллаш тулдирувчи феьл кайси феьлни тулдираётганига боглик. Яьни муайян гурухдаги феьлларга инфинитив, бошка муайян феьлларга герунд тулдиручи сифатида бириктриб куйилган: V any tense + V complement (infinitive) Куйидаги феьллардан сунг инфинитив тулдирувчи феьл булиб келади: agree* be determined* pretend* aim endeavor proceed appear* fail promise* arrange* forget* prove* ask* guarantee* refuse attempt happen* remember* bother hesitate resolve* care hope seem* choose learn* swear* claim* long tend condescend manage threaten* consent neglect trouble decide* offer try (=attempt) decline plan undertake* demand* prepare volunteer determine* be prepared vow
She volunteered to help with Meals on Wheels. He didn’t trouble to answer personally. He hasn’t even bothered to write. I aim to get the scholarship this year. You have got to appear to be calm in an interview even if you are terrified underneath. They arranged to have dinner the following day. I asked to see my accountant. Katie chose (=decided) to stay away from work that day. He claims to have met the President, but I don’t believe him. I wonder if director will condescend to visit us. Do you consent to lend me money? In the end, we decided to go on strike. They declined to tell me how they had got my address. She demands to see manager. On leaving jail, Joe determined to reform. Engineers are endeavouring to locate the source of the problem. Sorry, I forgot to bring your notes. I vowed to do more of the job myself. She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved. The thieves tried to open the door, but he couldn’t. They threatened to kill him unless he did what they asked. All of us must swear to obey the rules. He seems to be younger than he really is. The organization resolved to take no further action against the thieves. The new treatment proved to be a disaster. The collage principal promised to look into the matter. He outlined his plans and proceeded to explain them in more detail. Joe pretended not to notice. Download 0.71 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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