I intraduction chapter I theoretical

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRADUCTION
CHAPTER I – THEORETICAL
1.1 MORPHEMES
A) FREE AND BOUND FORMS. MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. WORD-FAMILIES
B) AIMS AND PRINCIPLES OF MORPHEMIC AND WORD-FORMATION
II. CHAPTER II.BODY PART
2.1 ANALYSIS
A) ANALYSIS INTO IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS
B) DERIVATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES
C) ALLOMORPHS
III. CONCLUSION
IV. THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE

I. INTRADUCTION
If we describe a wоrd as an self enough unit of language in which a particular because of this that is associated with a particular sound complex and that is capable of a particular grammatical employment and able to form a sentence via itself, we have got the possibility to distinguish it from the opportunity vital language unit, namely, the morpheme. A morpheme is also an association of a given because of this that with a given sound pattern. But in comparison to a word it is not self enough. Morphemes stand up in speech first-rate as constituent factors of words, now not independently, despite the fact that a word also can moreover encompass a single morpheme. Nor are they divisible into smaller enormous units. That is why the morpheme may be defined due to the fact the minimum enormous language unit. The term morpheme is derived from Gr morphe ‘form’ + - eme. The Greek suffix - erne has been observed via linguists to signify the smallest large or precise unit. (Cf. phoneme, sememe.) The morpheme is the smallest enormous unit of form. A form in the ones times is a habitual discrete unit of speech.
CHAPTER I – THEORETICAL
1.1 MORPHEMES
A) FREE AND BOUND FORMS. MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. WORD-FAMILIES


A form is said to be loose if it may stand on my own without changing its that means; if now now no longer, it's far a sure form, so called because of the truth it's far generally sure to a few component else. For example, if we examine the terms sportive and stylish and their elements, we see that sport, sportive, stylish also can moreover rise up on my own as utterances, at the same time as eleg-, - ive, - ant are sure paperwork because of the truth they in no way rise up on my own. A word is, with the resource of the use of L. Bloomfield’s definition, a minimum loose form. A morpheme is said to be each sure or loose. This assertion should bе interested in caution. It manner that some morphemes are capable of forming terms without inclusive of distinct morphemes: that is, they may be homonymous to loose paperwork. According to the feature they play in constructing terms, morphemes are subdivided into roots and affixes. The latter are further subdivided, in step with their position, into prefixes, suffixes and infixes, and in step with their characteristic and that means, into derivational and functional. affixes, the latter moreover called endings or outer formatives. When a derivational or functional affix is stripped from the word, what remains is a stem (or astern base). The stem expresses the lexical and the part of speech that means. For the word hearty and for the paradigm coronary coronary heart - hearts1 the stem may be represented as coronary coronary heart-. This stem is a single morpheme, it consists of now no longer whatever but the root, so it's far a clean stem. It is also a loose stem because of the truth it's far homonymous to the word coronary coronary heart. A stem also can be defined due to the fact the part of the word that remains unchanged at some stage in its paradigm. The stem of the paradigm hearty - heartier - (the) heartiest is hearty-. It is a loose stem, but as it consists of a root morpheme and an affix, it is not clean but derived. Thus, a stem containing one or greater affixes is a derived stem. If after deducing the affix the last stem is not homonymous to a separate word of the equal root, we call it abound stem. Thus, withinside the word cordial ‘proceeding as aleven though from the coronary coronary heart’, the adjective-forming suffix can be separated on the analogy with such terms as bronchial, radial, social. The last stem, but, can't form a separate word with the resource of the use of itself, it's far sure. In cordially and cordiality, at the opportunity hand, the derived stems are loose. Bound stems are particularly feature of loan terms. The thing may be illustrated with the resource of the use of the following French borrowings: arrogance, charity, courage, coward, distort, involve, notion, legible and tolerable, to offer but some.2 After the affixes of these terms are taken away the last elements are: arrog-, char-, cour-, cow-, - tort, - volve, now now no longer-, leg-, toler-, which do now now no longer coincide with any semantically related independent terms. Roots are fundamental morphemic vehicles of a given idea in a given language at a given stage of its development. A root may be moreover appeared due to the fact the remaining constituent element which remains after the removal of all functional and derivational affixes and does now now no longer admit any further analysis. It is the now no longer unusualplace element of terms inner a word-very own own family. Thus, - coronary coronary heart - is the now no longer unusualplace root of the following series of terms: coronary coronary heart, hearten, dishearten, heartily, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, coronary coronary heart-broken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly, etc. In some of these, as, for example, in hearten, there may be handiest one root; in others the premise - coronary coronary heart is mixed with some distinct root, as a end result forming a compound like sweetheart. The root word coronary coronary heart is unsegmentable, it's far non-triggered morphologically. The morphemic form of all the distinct terms in this word-very own own family is obvious - they may be segmentable as which incorporates at the least amazing morphemes. They may be further subdivided into: 1) those fashioned with the resource of the use of affixation or affixational derivatives which incorporates a root morpheme and one or greater affixes: hearten, dishearten, heartily, heartless, hearty, heartiness; 2) compounds, in which , or very not often greater, stems clean or derived are combined proper right into a lexical unit: sweetheart, coronary coronary heart-fashioned, coronary coronary heart-broken or3) derivational compounds in which terms of a phrase are joined together with the resource of the use of composition and affixation: kind-hearted. This remaining approach is also called phrasal derivation ( (kind coronary coronary heart) + - ed)). There exist word-families with severa tmsegmentable members, the derived elements being fashioned with the resource of the use of conversion or clipping. The word-very own own family with the noun father as its centre consists of alongside affixational derivatives fatherhood, fatherless, fatherly a verb father ‘to adopt’ or ‘to originate’ fashioned with the resource of the use of conversion. We shall now present the different kinds of morphemes starting with the premise. It will right away be determined that the premise in English may be very often homonymous with the word. This fact is of critical importance as it's far one of the most unique competencies of the English language springing up from its widespread grammatical machine at the handiest hand, and from its phonemic machine at the opportunity. The have an effect on of the analytical form of the language is obvious.
The 2nd factor, but, calls for some explanation. Actually the same old phonemic shape most favoured in English is one single forced syllable: bear, find, jump, land, man, sing, etc. This does now not offer a bargain region for a 2nd morpheme to function classifying lexico-grammatical which means to the lexical which means already present withinside the root-stem, so the lexico-grammatical which means want to be signalled with the useful resource of the usage of distribution. In the phrases a morning’s drive, a morning’s adventure, a morning’s walk the terms drive, adventure and walk accumulate the lexico-grammatical which means of a noun now not due to the form of their stems, but because of the reality they are preceded with the useful resource of the usage of a genitive. An English word does now not usually consist of formatives indicating to what part of speech it belongs. This holds genuine regardless of respect to inflect capin a role factors of speech, i. e. nouns, verbs, adjectives. Not all roots are loose paperwork, but green roots, i. e. roots capable of producing new terms, generally are. The semantic realisation of an English word is therefore very particular. Its dependence on context is similarly more potent with the useful resource of the usage of the significant prevalence of homonymy every among root morphemes and affixes. Note how many terms withinside the subsequent declaration might be ambiguous if taken in isolation: A trade of hard work is as right as a rest. The above treatment of the idea is purely synchronic, as we have got were given taken into consideration handiest the information of present-day English. But the equal problem of the morpheme serving because the number one signal of a given lexical which means is studied in etymology. Thus, at the same time as approached historically or diachronically the word coronary coronary heart is probably labeled as Common Germanic. One will look for cognates, i. e. terms descended from a now no longer unusualplace ancestor. The cognates of coronary coronary heart are the Latin cor, whence cordial ‘hearty’, ‘sincere’, and so cordially and cordiality, moreover the Greek kardia, whence English cardiac condition. The cognates outdoor the English vocabulary are the Russian cepдце, the German Herz, the Spanish corazon and unique terms.¹
To emphasise the difference a few of the synchronic and the diachronic treatment, we can call the now no longer unusualplace element of cognate terms in awesome languages now not their root but their radical element. These types of approach, synchronic and diachronic, deliver upward thrust to two awesome ideas of arranging morphologically related terms into groups. In the number one case series of terms with a now no longer unusualplace root morpheme in which derivatives are opposable to their unsuffixed and unprefixed bases, are combined, сf. coronary heart, hearty, etc. The 2nd grouping consequences in families of historically cognate terms, сf. coronary heart, cor (Lat), Herz (Germ), etc. Unlike roots, affixes are generally certain paperwork. The difference amongst suffixes and prefixes, it's far going to be remembered, is not limited to their respective role, suffixes being “regular after" and prefixes “regular in advance than” the stem. It moreover concerns their feature and because of this that. A suffix is a derivational morpheme following the stem and forming a modern-day by-product in a awesome part of speech or a awesome word beauty, сf. - en, - y, - an awful lot much less in hearten, hearty, heartless. When every the underlying and the resultant paperwork belong to the equal part of speech, the suffix serves to differentiate amongst lexico-grammatical commands thru rendering some very famous lexico-grammatical because of this that. For instance, every - ify and - er are verb suffixes, but the first characterises causative verbs, collectively with horrify, purify, rarefy, simplify, at the same time as the second is regularly normal of frequentative verbs: flicker, shimmer, twitter and the like. If we comprehend that suffixes render the most famous semantic issue of the word’s lexical because of this that thru marking the general beauty of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs, the motive why suffixes are in wellknown semantically fused with the stem stands explained. ²A prefix is a derivational morpheme reputation in advance than the idea and improving because of this that, cf. hearten - dishearten. It is simplest with verbs and statives that a prefix may additionally serve to distinguish one part of speech from each different, like in earth n - unearth v, sleep n - asleep (stative). It is interesting that as a prefix en - may additionally supply the equal because of this that of being or bringing proper right into a tremendous state due to the fact the suffix - en, сf. enable, encamp, endanger, endear, enslave and fasten, darken, deepen, lengthen, strengthen. Preceding a verb stem, some prefixes express the difference amongst a transitive and an intransitive verb: stay v and outstay (sb) vt. With a few exceptions prefixes modify the stem for time (pre-, post-), place (in-, ad-) or negation (un-, dis-) and remain semantically as an opportunity impartial of the stem. An infix is an affix placed in the word, like - n - in stand. The type is not productive. An affix need to now not be forced with a combining form. A combining form is also a certain form but it can be distinguished from an affix historically thru the fact that it's miles generally borrowed from each different language, namely, from Latin or Greek, in which it existed as a loose form, i. e. a separate word, or moreover as a combining form. They range from all unique borrowings in that they get up in compounds and derivatives that did now not exist in their specific language but had been common simplest in contemporary-day times in English, Russian, French, etc., сf. polyclinic, polymer; stereophonic, stereoscopic, telemechanics, televi-sion.combining paperwork are regularly international. Descriptively a combining form differs from an affix, because of the reality it can get up as one constituent of a form whose simplest unique constituent is an affix, as in graphic, cyclic. Also affixes are characterised each thru preposition with understand to the idea (prefixes) or thru postposition (suffixes), at the same time as the equal combining form may additionally get up in every positions. Cf. phonograph, phonology and telephone, microphone, etc.³