I intraduction chapter I theoretical

B) AIMS AND PRINCIPLES OF MORPHEMIC AND WORD-FORMATION
A synchronic description of the English vocabulary offers its cutting-edge shape and kinds of phrase formation via a contrast of the phrases concurrently cutting-edge in it.1 If the assessment is constrained to giving the massive variety and sort of morphemes that make up a phrase, it's far known as morphemic. For example, the phrase girlishness may be analyzed into 3 morphemes: the premise - woman - and the suffixes - ish and - ness. The morphemic gender of the phrases is as follows: one root morpheme - a root phrase (woman), one root morpheme plus one or greater affixes - a by-product phrase (girlish, girlishness), or numerous roots - a compound phrase (woman-friend), or numerous roots and an already now no longer unusual affix - a compound by-product (old-maidish). Morphemic assessment establishes the only very last elements that make up a phrase (see p. 85). Structural phrase-formation assessment is going in addition: it examines the structural relatedness to homogeneous phrases, the structural regularities or policies via way of which phrases are built. This is finished by way of the precept of oppositions (see p. 25), this is, via a studying of partly comparable elements, the distinction among that's functionally significant; in our case, this distinction is enough to create an ultramodern phrase. Girl and girlish are participants of the morphemic competition. They are comparable due to the fact the unique morpheme, woman, is the identical. Their distinguishing characteristic is the suffix - ish. Because of this suffix, the second one member of the competition is a high-quality phrase belonging to the high-quality a part of speech. This binary competition consists of the elements. A cognate is a difficult and speedy binary competition. It includes subsets ordinary via primary and the second one detail of every pair, i.e. the competition. Each detail of set primary is conjugate to precisely one detail of the second one set and vice versa. Each 2nd detail may be derived from the corresponding first detail via the guideline of thumb of nowadays legitimate for all participants of the relation (see p.26). Observing the proportional competition: woman infant woman monkey spinster ee-book girlish infantile womanish monkeyish spinsterish bookish, we will finish that during English there may be a genus of derived adjectives with a noun base and a suffix - ish. In addition, the commentary suggests that those bases greater frequently than now do now no longer talk to animate nouns, and lets in us to decide the connection among the various structural styles of a phrase and its meaning. Any one phrase built frequently with this sample has a semantic factor this is now now no longer uncommon for the complete group, viz: 'now no longer unusualplace of, or having the lousy tendencies of. There also are a few singular makes use of of the adjective forming 'ish, however they do now no longer deliver us one of these task. In the above example, the results of morphemic assessment and structural assessment of phrase formation are nearly the identical. However, there are remoted instances in which it's far essential to split them. For example, morphemic assessment isn't always sufficient to reveal the distinction among the various styles of inconvenience v and impatience n; it classifies every as by-product. In phrases of the phrase-formation model, however, they may be basically the identical. The only is the second one, that's ordinary via derivation. Compare: impatience n = staying power n = corpulence n impatient a affected individual a chunky a The correlation that may be hooked up for the verb inconvenience is high-quality, viz: inconvenience v = ache v = disgust v = anger v = daydream v inconvenience n ache n disgust n anger n daydream n Here nouns denoting a sense or us a are correlated with verbs inflicting that feeling or us a, with out a distinction withinside the quantity of participants of every separate competition. Whether the pairs of nouns in the correlation are in addition or singular does now no longer matter. Some are natural root phrases, others are derivatives or compounds. In phrases of phrase formation, we imply that the verb inconvenience, even in comparison to the noun inconvenience, suggests a dating function of the conversion method. Cf. to install, whose suffix - tion now now no longer classifies the phrase as a summary noun, however suggests that it's far derived from it. In addition, this method makes it viable to differentiate among compound phrases as a result of composition and phrases as a result of the identical sort of process. The phrases honeymoon n and honeymoon v are any compounds containing unfastened bases, however the former is ordinary via composition: honey n + moon n > honeymoon n, and the latter via conversion: honeymoon n> honeymoon v (see Ch. 8).