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Grounds for exclusion of economic operators
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- 3.3.2.1.a Mandatory grounds for exclusion
- 3.3.2.1.b Optional grounds for exclusion
3.3.2.1 Grounds for exclusion of economic operators Personal situation of the economic operators, participating in a procurement procedure should be considered first (even before the assessment of the financial and technical qualifications) in a selection process. In this perspective, it is clear that this personal situation of the economic operators is not directly linked to his capacities to successfully perform the contract. They are issues, which are personal to the tenderer, although it may be that some of these grounds will imply previous wrongdoing in respect of past performance in procurement procedures and may, therefore, imply a serious concern over the suitability of the tenderer to perform the contract at issue 505 . According to the procurement Directive, there are two categories of grounds for exclusion; a) mandatory grounds for exclusion and b) optional grounds for exclusion, which will be analyzed below. 3.3.2.1.a Mandatory grounds for exclusion According to the Albanian PPL 506 , any candidate or tenderer, convicted by a final judgment, of which the contracting authority is aware for any of the reasons listed below, must be excluded from participation in the awarding procedures: 503 In these cases, public procurement is also used to achieve secondary objectives that are not always directly linked to the risk of non-performance of the contract, i.e. it is also used to prevent and penalize specific behavior of those economic operators that want to do business with the public sector. 504 See article 46/1 of the PPL and respectively articles 44 and 56 of Directive 2004/18/EC and Directive 2014/24/EU. 505 See E. Piselli “The scope for Excluding Providers who have Committed Criminal Offences under the EU Procurement Directive”, 2000, p. 267-269. 506 See article 45/1 of the PPL. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 137 - participation in a criminal organization; - corruption; - fraud; - money-laundering - forgery The contracting authority may ask tenderers to supply the production of an extract from the judicial record or failing that, of an equivalent document issued by a competent judicial or administrative authority showing that these situations do not apply 507 and may, where they have doubts concerning the personal situation of such tenderers, also apply to the competent authorities to obtain any information they consider necessary on the personal situation of the tenderers concerned. Where the information concerns a tenderer established in a foreign country, contracting authorities may seek the cooperation of the competent authorities. In this regard, PPL has approximated the relevant provision of Directive 2004/18 508 , nevertheless there are some differences, which should be emphasized 509 . First, according to the PPL, the ‘forgery’ reason 510 has been added to the list of mandatory grounds. Second, the Directive explicitly leaves it to the Member States to provide for derogation from the requirement of mandatory exclusion if there is an overriding requirement that is in the general interest 511 , while PPL does not provide at all for such opportunity. This is still explained with the national context where this law is applicable, and in concrete with the low level of integrity 512 . As such, PPL does not give space for any ‘subjective’ decision of derogation from the said rule, even though in cases of an overriding situation. The third difference is merely related to the fact that Albania is not an EU country and as such cannot approximate the relevant Directive in all its features. Thus, the Directive 513 when asking for documents, which prove the personal situations of the economic operators, provide that ‘in case the information concerns a candidate or tenderer established in a State other than that of the contracting authority, the contracting authority may seek the cooperation of the competent authorities. Having regard for the national laws of the Member State where the candidates or tenderers are established, such requests shall relate to legal and/or natural persons, including, if appropriate, company directors and any person having powers of representation, decision or control in respect of the 507 See article 45/3/a of the PPL. 508 See article 45/1 of Directive 2004/18/EC. 509 New Directive 2014/24/EU has expanded the list of reasons for mandatory exclusion. According to article 57, except for what it is provided by the Directive 2004/18/EC, as reasons for mandatory exclusions are considered also: terrorist offences or offences linked to terrorist activities; money laundering or terrorist financing; and child labor and other forms of trafficking in human beings. 510 It should be said that ‘forgery’ has not been there at the text approved by the law no. 9643, dated 20.11.2006 “On public procurement”, but has been added almost one year after, with the amendments of this law, by the law no.9800, dated 10.09.2007. The reason why it has been added is the national context where this law is applicable. 511 See article 45/1 of Directive 2004/18/EC. 512 See footnote no. 194 above. 513 See article 45/1, para. 3 of Directive 2004/18/EC. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 138 candidate or tenderer’. On the other hand, for the same situation, PPL refers just to ‘a tenderer established in a foreign country’ 514 . As previously discussed, the Directive refers to Member States only, and PPL in such cases refers to ‘other countries than Albania’, including here Member States, but not only. In this context, the different terminology used respectively by the Directive and PPL is also explained to prescribe the legal possibility of the contracting authorities to ask evidence as proofs of their personal situations. Thus, the Directive provides that ‘the contracting authorities shall, where appropriate, ask candidates or tenderers to supply the documents…’, while PPL provides that ‘the contracting authorities may ask tenderers to supply the documents…’, without mentioning at all ‘where appropriate’. Even in the context of the Directive, the meaning of the term ‘where appropriate’ is not clear. The prevailing interpretation is that this term implies that a contracting authority is to ask an economic operator to submit evidence that it does not fall under the mandatory grounds for exclusion, but only in the case where the contracting authority has an actual suspicion of a conviction or where it should have such a suspicion. One of the objectives of the directives is to avoid imposing unreasonable burdens on providers, which may deter them from participation. To require actual evidence of convictions from every provider for every contract would be disproportionately burdensome for providers and also for the procuring entity 515 . On the other hand, it is arguably necessary at least to ask providers to confirm that they do not have relevant convictions and to exclude those, who do not confirm this 516 . Meanwhile according to the Albanian procurement legislation, such evidence is always required (is mandatory to be submitted in a tender despite the term “may” used by PPL in article 45/1 para. 2), including a self-declaration from the economic operator, declaring that he is not convicted by final judgment for any of the reasons listed by PPL 517 . 3.3.2.1.b Optional grounds for exclusion According to Directive 2004/18 except for mandatory grounds for exclusion, there are also optional grounds for exclusion 518 . In concrete, a contracting authority is permitted 514 In case of an economic operator established in another country, if documents, which prove the personal situations of the economic operators, are not issued in that country, the Albanian procurement legislation does allow the self-declaration, as evidence. See article 15 of the Decision of Council of Ministers no. 914, dated 29.12.2014 “Rules on Public Procurement”. 515 It may be difficult in practice for a contracting authority to establish the types of documents/evidence that economic operators based in other Member States are able to submit in order to prove that they do not fall under any of the optional grounds for exclusion and to identify the authorities that are authorized to issue these documents/evidence under their national laws. To facilitate access to this information in the various EU Member States, the Commission Services (DG- Internal Market) designed a questionnaire, which has been completed by a number of Member States. The completed questionnaires can be downloaded from the following website: http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/publicprocurement/2004_18/index_en.htm . 516 See S. Arrowsmith “The Law of Public and Utilities Procurement”, Sweet and Maxwell, London, 2005, p. 1310. 517 See Standard Tender Documents, available at www.app.gov.a l. 518 See article 45/2 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 139 (and not obliged) to exclude from participation in the procurement process those economic operators that: a) are bankrupt or are under any analogous situation in accordance with national laws or regulations; b) are the subject of proceedings for a declaration of bankruptcy or similar proceedings under national laws and regulations; c) have been convicted by a judgment that has the force of res judicata of an offence relating to their professional conduct, in accordance with the legal provisions of the country concerned 519 ; d) have been guilty of grave professional misconduct proven by any means that the contracting authority can demonstrate 520 ; e) have failed to fulfill obligations relating to the payment of social security contributions in their countries of establishment or that of the contracting authority in accordance with the legal provisions of the country concerned 521 ; f) have failed to fulfill obligations relating to the payment of taxes in their countries of establishment or that of the contracting authority, in accordance with the legal provisions of the country concerned; g) have been guilty of serious misrepresentation in supplying information required for the purpose of the selection of economic operators or have not supplied such information. A contracting authority is obliged to accept as sufficient evidence that an economic operator does not fall under any of the optional grounds for exclusion the types of evidence listed in article 45(3) of the Directive 2004/18 522 . These types of evidence vary depending on the optional grounds for exclusion concerned. With regard to grave professional misconduct and serious misrepresentation of information, it is for the contracting authority to determine the acceptable types of evidence. Each EU Member State is obliged to inform the Commission of the identity of the authorities that are authorized to issue the listed evidence 523 . The Albanian PPL, on the other hand, does approximate the Directive in this regard, providing for the same reasons as grounds for exclusion 524 , but with a meaningful 519 The ECJ in the case C-470/13 Generali-Providencia Biztosito Zrt v Kozbeszerzesi Hatosag Kozbeszerzesi Dontobizottsag, Judgment ECLI:EU:C:2014:2469, observed that, ‘for the purposes of this provision, the concept of "professional misconduct" covers all wrongful conduct which has an impact on the professional credibility of the operator at issue and not only infringements of ethical standards in the strict sense of the profession to which that operator belongs. In those circumstances, an infringement of the competition rules, particularly if it was penalized by a fine, constitutes a cause for exclusion under art.45(2)(d) of Directive 2004/18’. 520 See case C-465/11 Forposta SA and ABC Direct Contact sp. z o.o. v Poczta Polska SA (Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 13 December 2012). 521 See also case C-358/12 Consorzio Stabile Libor Lavori Pubblici v Comune di Milano, Judgment ECLI:EU:C:2014:2063. 522 New Directive 2014/24/EU provides the means of proof in a specific article (see article 60). 523 See article 45/4 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 524 Except for one situation, which has been lately introduced in article 45/ë (this article has been amended by Law no. 182/2014 “On some amendments in Law no. 9643, dated 20.11.2006 “On public Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 140 difference; it does not consider these reasons as optional, but it categorizes them as mandatory, too 525 . As it is discussed above, PPL avoids at maximum the terms, which give room to contracting authorities to make a decision, and as such it tries to be as determined as possible 526 . A discussion and a different treatment of the situation from the Albanian PPL might arise on some issues on which the Directive 2004/18 remains silent. As such, the Directive does not provide for any period of time during which the above-mentioned situations may be considered relevant, or a period of time during which the exclusion is valid 527 . According to the Directive, Member States shall specify, in accordance with their national law and having regard for Community law, the implementing conditions for this paragraph 528 . In the light of this provision different Member States have adopted different practices on the above-mentioned points. Thus, some Member States only allow exclusion from the current tender, others allowed for indefinite exclusion but varying, for example, from 3-10 years 529 . PPL, on the other hand, is much more determined in this procurement”), according to which when an economic operator has been excluded with a PPA’ decision from the right to participate in procurement procedures, for the reasons provided in article 13/3 of the PPL, it should be excluded from a concrete procedure. 525 According to article 45/2 of the PPL ‘Any candidate or tenderer must be excluded from participating in awarding procedures where he…’. 526 The New Directive 2014/24/EU, on the other hand, is more flexible than even Directive 2004/18/EC. It gives the possibility to the economic operators to provide evidence to the effect that measures taken by the economic operator are sufficient to demonstrate its reliability despite the existence of a relevant ground for exclusion (article 57/6 para.1). Also in case of taxes and social security contributions, it gives the possibility to economic operators to fulfill their obligations by paying or entering into a binding arrangement with a view to paying the taxes or social security contributions due, including, where applicable, any interest accrued or fines (see article 57/2, para.3). The new Directive expands also the list of reasons for optional exclusion with situations such as: a) a distortion of competition from the prior involvement of the economic operators in the preparation of the procurement procedure; b) where the economic operator has shown significant or persistent deficiencies in the performance of a substantive requirement under a prior public contract; and c) where the economic operator has undertaken to unduly influence the decision-making process of the contracting authority. 527 Directive 2014/24/EU is clearer in this regard, by providing that ‘by law, regulation or administrative provision and having regard to Union law, Member States shall specify the implementing conditions for this Article. They shall, in particular, determine the maximum period of exclusion if no measures as specified in paragraph 6 are taken by the economic operator to demonstrate its reliability. Where the period of exclusion has not been set by final judgment, that period shall not exceed five years from the date of the conviction by final judgment in the cases referred to in paragraph 1 and three years from the date of the relevant event in the cases referred to in paragraph 4’ (see article 57/7). 528 See article 45, last para of respectively point 1 (mandatory grounds for exclusion) and point 2 (optional grounds for exclusion) of the Directive 2004/18/EC. See also case C -465/11 Forposta dhe ABC Direct Contact, (footnote no. 520 above). 529 According to UNICORN (UNITED AGAINST CORRUPTION) – Global Political Research Group, Cardiff University School of Social Sciences (www.againstcorruption.org) – The Challenges Facing Debarment: The EU Public Procurement Directives – OECD Global Forum on Governance, “Fighting Corruption and Promoting Public Integrity in Public Procurement”, 29-30 November 2004, was found that there is no consistency on the period of time for exclusion. Some Member States only allow exclusion from the current tender (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Sweden); Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 141 regard, by dividing concepts of ‘excluding of an economic operator from a concrete procedure’ and ‘excluding of an economic operator from the right to participate in a procurement procedure’ for a given period of time, which varies from 1 to 3 years. This is clearly noticed also in point ë) of article 45 of PPL, which provides as one of the grounds for exclusion from a procedure, the cases when an economic operators has been excluded with e PPA’ decision from the right to participate in procurement procedures, as provided by PPL 530 . According to PPL, the Public Procurement Agency can exclude an economic operator from participation in awarding procedures – without prejudice of criminal proceedings, which may have started – for a period of 1 to 3 years in the cases of 531 : a) Serious misrepresentation and submission of documents containing false information for purposes of qualification, according to Article 45 and 46 PPL; or b) corruption within the meaning of item a), para 1, Article 26; c) conviction for any of the crimes listed in Article 45, para 1 PPL; ç) failure to fulfill contractual obligations for public contracts according to the time limits provided in the procurement regulations; or d) in case of a final decision of the Commission of the Competition Authority, for collusion among economic operators 532 . On the other hand, article 13, para 3 refers to articles 45 and 46 of PPL. These articles provide respectively the criteria for exclusion of an economic operator from a procurement procedure and the criteria that should be met by economic operators in order to qualify in a procurement procedure. Both articles are used by Contracting Authorities to qualify or not qualify an economic operator in a given procurement procedure and should not be misinterpreted as articles, which serve to the Public Procurement Agency for excluding economic operators from the right of participating in procurement procedures, for a certain period of time. The provisions used by the Public procurement Agency for this purpose are article 13/3/a and article 47 of PPL 533 . The literal and contextual interpretation and reading of these two articles, provides the understanding that the articles have different purposes. Article 45 is not aiming to punish the economic operators, but instead provides for those conditions, in which economic operators should not be into, in order to be qualified (not be excluded) in a given others allowed for indefinite exclusion (France, Greece and Italy); whilst others for a set period of time (Belgium, Germany, Portugal, Spain and Luxembourg) but varying, for example, from 3-10 years in the case of Belgium to five years or less in the case of Spain.” 531 See article 13/3 of the PPL. 532 This PPL’ provision comes in the same line with the new exclusion ground introduced by new Directive 2014/24/EU in article 57/4/d which provide as one of the exclusion grounds the situation ‘where the contracting authority can demonstrate by appropriate means that the economic operator is guilty of grave professional misconduct, which renders its integrity questionable’. 533 See R. Kashta “The legal competence of the Public Procurement Agency to exclude the economic operators from the right to participate in public procurement procedures; Treatment of this process from the court’ practice”, published at Scientific Journal “Legal Studies” of Law Faculty, University of Tirana, No.1, 2014, pg 147. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system Download 5.49 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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