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- 4.1.3 Negotiated procedure without prior publication of a notice- a noncompetitive procedure
- 4.1.3.1 Circumstances applied to all types of contracts
4.1.2.b Request for proposals The ‘Request for proposals’ is a procedure, whereby the contracting authority seeks offers from a limited number of economic operators selected by him, but at the same time should accept also offers submitted by other interested economic operators 702 . The request for proposals may be used for contracts of a value below the low thresholds. Contracting authorities wishing to use a request for proposals procedure shall make known their intention by means of a contract notice 703 . Pursuant to this procedure, contracting authorities, except for the advertising of the procedure, should invite at least 5 economic operators, unless this proves impossible for technical reasons or for lack of sufficient competition. The contracting authority should, in any case, accept tenders from tenderers other than the ones invited by him 704 . 698 See article 34/1 of PPL. 699 See article 37 of the Decision of CoM no. 914, date 29.12.2014 “Rules on Public Procurement”. 700 See PPA’s Annual Reports available at www.app.gov.al . 701 See contract notices for Consultancy Services procedure, available at www.app.gov.al/ep/ContractNotice.aspx ). 702 See article 3/20 of PPL. This type of procedure is inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law, which has been the first act influencing the procurement legislation in Albania (see Chapter III above). As such, initially the request for proposal provided by the PPL has been the same as the request for proposals without negotiation provided by the article 47 of the Model Law at issue. 703 See article 34 of PPL. 704 See also article 39 of the Decision of CoM no. 914, date 29.12.2014 “Rules on Public Procurement”. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 185 If we analyze the definition of this procedure and also other requirements of the PPL, we will see that the provisions are contradictory to each-other. The name of the procedure is ‘request for proposals’, meaning that the contracting authority will request proposals from economic operators. The relevant provisions also allow the contracting authority ‘to choose’ the economic operators from whom it will request such proposals. This is the ‘original’ version of the request for proposals procedure. Potentially, this can result in less transparency and competition than in both tendering and two-stage tendering but may allow the contracting authorities and suppliers to avoid disproportionate costs in preparing and evaluating proposals (which may be complex and hence costly for both sides) 705 . However, PPL hasn’t stopped here, but it implies also the obligation of the contracting authorities to advertise this procedure and accept offers from everyone who is interested. At this stage, the request for proposal procedure has become an open procedure, with an extra administrative requirement; sending the request for proposals to at least five economic operators. As a matter of fact, the request for proposal follows the same procedural steps as the open procedure, with shorter time limits. All this confusing approach of the PPL 706 is done under the fear of abusive behavior of contracting authorities, if they will have the discretion to limit the number of economic operators 707 . Once again, the fear of the legislator from the discretion of the contracting authorities comes out, which is reflected at the attempt to restrict as much as possible its possibility to make subjective decisions. On the other hand, we know that different procurement contracts have their characteristic features, and some flexibility in handling them might be necessary, because if different situations will be governed by strict and unified rules, the procurement process will not be as effective as it should be 708 . 4.1.3 Negotiated procedure without prior publication of a notice- a noncompetitive procedure The contracting authorities wishing to conclude public contracts should start with the assumption that a competitive process is required and the transparency principle should be respected. However, it might happen that in very limited circumstances a contract may be awarded without prior publication of a contract notice and without the use of a competitive process, using the negotiated procedure without publication of a contract 705 See S. Arrowsmith “Methods for procurement of goods and construction”, Public Procurement Regulation-an introduction, pg. 40, Available on-line at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pprg/documentsarchive/asialinkmaterials/publicprocurementregulationintrod uction.pdf . Retrieved on, 20.12.2014. 706 Despite all, this is a procedure which is used very often from the contracting authorities in Albania, as the only option for contracts below the low value thresholds. See PPA Annual Reports available at www.app.gov.al . 707 The same reason, why the Directive provisions on two-stage procedures, which allow for the limitation of the economic operators, are not introduced by the PPL. 708 See point 1.3 at Chapter I. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 186 notice 709 . This procedure is similar to a direct contracting or single source procurement method, which may be used only in duly justified circumstances. Since it may be used in respect of only one candidate 710 (which is directly invited by the contracting authority), it is clearly the procedure that risks producing the least competition, which is why strict conditions are attached to its use 711 . The permitted derogations set out in procurement rules do not apply consistently to all types of contracts, and so considerable care must be taken when assessing the availability and justification for use of these derogations for the contract in question. According to the Albanian PPL 712 , contracting authorities may use negotiated procedure without prior publication of a contract notice for all contracts of a value above or below the low value thresholds and only on the specific circumstances expressly provided for in this law and in the public procurement rules. Such circumstances shall be strictly construed. This procedure shall not be used in order to avoid competition or in a manner that would discriminate among candidates. 4.1.3.1 Circumstances applied to all types of contracts There are some specific circumstances, which may be applied to all types of contracts, and some others, which are adequate only for a certain type of contract (respectively, supply, service or work’ contracts) 713 . Negotiated procedures without prior publication of a contract notice may be used for all types of public contracts: a) when the minimal competition has not been met in response to two consecutive procedures, provided there is no substantial alteration to the initial conditions of the contract 714 . ‘The minimal competition under the PPL has been used to replace the situation ‘when no tenders or no suitable tenders or no applications have been 709 In the European system negotiations are seen to limit, not optimize competition. While in the American procurement system, the negotiations are seen as creating a base for competition and are therefore an optimizer of competition. See further R. Caranta, ‘The changes to the public contract directives and the story they tell about how EU law works’, Common Market Law, Review Contents Vol. 52 No. 2 April 2015, © 2015 Kluwer Law International. Printed in the United Kingdom. pg. 451. 710 See article 33 of PPL and articles 31 and 32, respectively of Directive 2004/18/EC and 2014/24/EU. 711 See P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU- a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 385, para 7.28. Either ECJ in several cases has held that the conditions, which permit the use of the negotiated procedure without a call for competition must be interpreted strictly and that the contracting authorities, which seek to on one of those conditions have the burden of proving that the condition at issue has been met. See for example cases C- 71/92 Commission v Kingdom of Spain [1993] ECR I-5923, para 36; C-328/92 Commission v Kingdom of Spain [1994] ECR I-1569, para 15; C-57/94 Commission v Italian Republic [1995] ECR I-1249, para.23; C- 385/02 Commission v Italian Republic [2004] ECR I-8121, paras.19 and 27 and C-394/02 Commission v Hellenic Republic [2005] ECR I-4713, para.33. 712 See article 33 of the PPL. 713 This approach is the same as the one followed by the Directives 2004/18/EC and 2014/24/EU (see respectively articles 31 and 32). 714 See article 33/2/a of PPL. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 187 submitted…’ requested by the Directive (s) 715 . On the other hand, this circumstance of ‘minimal competition’ and of ‘non suitable tenders’ is somehow not clear and may be confused with the condition of using the negotiated procedure with prior publication of a notice, which might be used ‘in the event of irregular tenders or the submission of tenders, which are unacceptable under national legal provisions…’. Either in this case, at last, the ‘minimal competition’ is not met or an ‘irregular tender’ may be considered as ‘non suitable’ tender as well. These equivocal provisions, at least in the Albanian practice, have lead to a not unified approach of situations when a contracting authority chooses to use the negotiated procedure with or without prior publication 716 . To avoid this situation, in the latest changes of the procurement rules 717 the request of ‘not meeting the minimal competition’ (provided by PPL) has been strictly interpreted as a situation when ‘no tenders, or no applications’ has been submitted, not giving thus the possibility to the contracting authorities to have the discretion to ‘define’ a ‘non suitable tender’ 718 . The other difference with the Directive(s) in this regard, is that PPL does not refer only to the fail of two consecutive ‘open’ or ‘restricted’ procedures, as Directive (s) does, giving thus the possibility to use such a procedure, in case of failure of each of 715 See respectively articles 31/1 (a) and 32/2 (a) of Directive 2004/18/EC and Directive 2014/24/EU. Neither PPL, nor the Directive 2004/18/EC, give a definition of “minimal competition’ or “suitable tender”, making as such not too clear the circumstances when this requirement is met. Directive 2014/24/EU, on the other hand, has tried to give a definition of the non suitable tender, providing that ‘a tender shall be considered not to be suitable where it is irrelevant to the contract, being manifestly incapable, without substantial changes, of meeting the contracting authority’s needs and requirements as specified in the procurement documents. A request for participation shall be considered not to be suitable where the economic operator concerned is to be or may be excluded pursuant to Article 57 (exclusion grounds) or does not meet the selection criteria set out by the contracting authority pursuant to Article 58 (selection criteria). 716 In these situations, when an ‘irregular’ tender, may be interpreted as ‘not meeting the minimal competition’, contracting authorities in Albania, are more predisposed to use negotiated procedure without a prior publication of a notice (see PPA’ Annual Reports 2007-2014, available at www.app.gov.al ). A solution of this situation might be the new competitive procedure with negotiation, introduced by Directive 2014/24/EU (see article 29), which even though is similar to the former negotiated procedure with prior publication, provided by Directive 2004/18/EC, as analyzed above, is not used under the same circumstances. Thus, in practice will be easier to evaluate when a negotiated procedure without prior publication should be used. 717 See the Decision of Council of Ministers no. 914, dated 29.12.2014 “Rules on Public Procurement”, article 36. 718 This is one of the undertaken measures to minimize the number of the negotiated procedures without a call for competition, being in a situation when the usage of this exceptional procedure has been considerably increased. In the year 2014 for example, 2121 negotiated procedures without a prior publication of a notice were conducted, out of 7409 procurement procedures, which were conducted in total during this yeas (see PPA’ 2014 Annual Report, available at www.app.gov.al ). The concern about the considerable number of this procedure, used by contracting authorities in Albania, has been in the focus of Progress Reports of the European Commission as well (see for example “Albania Progress Report” (2014, October) of the European Commmission, pg. 25). Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 188 other competitive procedures, provided by PPL 719 . Directives, on the other hand, require that in case of using such procedure, whenever it is requested, contracting authorities should send a report to the Commission. As this requirement is closely related to the status of a Member State, it is not reflected to the PPL. However, in order to avoid a situation in which a contracting authority drafts an impossible requirement with a view to discouraging tenderers only to then enter into negotiations with its preferred supplier, both acts at issue (PPL and Directive (s) impose the condition that the initial conditions of contract are not substantially altered. In this way, neither the purchaser, nor the ‘preferred’ supplier would be able to benefit since they could not negotiate away the original terms 720 . Either in this case there is a ground for discussion what will be considered ‘substantial alteration’. In the EU context, this interpretation of what is considered a substantial alteration is done by the ECJ 721 . In the Albanian context, this condition is elaborated further in the procurement rules 722 , which provide that the contract conditions and the qualification criteria, which are not proportionally related to the estimated fund 723 , should be the same as those of the initial procedure. This means that while using the negotiated procedure under this circumstance, the estimated fund may be only decreased, as the quantity of needs may be decreased 724 , and as such contracting authority is allowed to change proportionally only the qualification criteria which depend on the estimated fund 725 . This approach of the Albanian legislation aims at 719 The initial aim of PPL has been to include under this provision, except the Open and Restricted procedure, either the Request for Proposal as well, but not listing the type of procedures, for which it can be used, the contracting authorities in Albania potentially may use the negotiated procedure without prior publication of a notice either in case of consecutive failures of consultancy services, or design contests. 720 See P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU - a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 388, para 7.36. 721 See for example Case C-84/03 Commission v Kingdom of Spain [2003] ECR I-139, where the Court addressed a provision of Spanish law, which allowed recourse to the negotiated procedure without a call for competition, following the failure of an open or restricted procedure, provided that the price of the contract did not differ from the indicated estimate by more than 10%. In this case, inter alias, the Court held that in so far as they authorize the use of the negotiated procedure where it has not been possible to award the contract during an open or restricted procedure or where the candidates were not allowed to tender, provided that there were no modifications of the original conditions of the contract apart from the price, which cannot be increased by more than 10%, the Spanish provisions did indeed add a new condition to the use of the negotiated procedure which was capable of undermining both their scope and their exceptional character because such a condition could not be regarded as a non-substantial alteration of the original terms of the contracts. 722 See the Decision of Council of Ministers no. 914, date 29.12.2014 “Rules on Public Procurement”, article 36/2 (a). 723 See point 3.3.2.4 at Chapter III. 724 This might be the case of buying foods for example or cleaning services, the needed quantity of which is strongly related with the time of contract execution. 725 This might be the case of the previous experience, where for example in the case of supply contracts, with regard to previous experience, the contracting authority requires evidence of previous similar contracts carried out in the last three years of business activity. In any case, the amount shall be not more than 40% of the value of contract to be procured. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 189 avoiding open clauses such as ‘substantial alteration’ provided by Directive(s) which might be misused in practice by the contracting authorities to then enter into negotiations with its preferred supplier. This is another example of the need for adaptation (not just copying) of the Directive’ provisions, into the national context. b) When for technical or artistic reasons, or for reasons connected with exclusive rights or intellectual property rights, the contract may be executed only by a particular economic operator 726 . The contracting authority, which uses the negotiated procedure without prior publication of a notice, under this circumstance, should in any case prove that for one of the reasons provided by the provision, there is only one economic operator capable to execute the contract at issue 727 . c) When for reasons of extreme urgency brought about by events unforeseeable by the contracting authorities in question the time limits provided by relevant provision of PPL cannot be complied with. The circumstances invoked to justify extreme urgency must not in any event be attributable to the contracting authority 728 . This circumstance of derogation requires that all conditions must be met cumulatively; a) the need is necessary; b) reasons of extreme emergency; c) brought about events unforeseeable by the contracting authority; d) the time limit required for competitive procedures, cannot be complied with; and e) the circumstances invoked to justify extreme urgency must not in any event be attributable to the contracting authority 729 . The issue of urgency is generally linked to the issue of foreseeability 730 . In any case, when a contracting authority have had the possibility 726 This circumstance of using a negotiated procedure without prior publication is provided as well by the Directive 2004/18/EC, except for the ‘intellectual property rights’, which are not explicitly mentioned by Directive. Directive 2014/24/EU, on the other hand, has elaborated and specified more subcategories under this circumstance, providing that ‘where the works, supplies or services can be supplied only by a particular economic operator for any of the following reasons: (i) the aim of the procurement is the creation or acquisition of a unique work of art or artistic performance; (ii) competition is absent for technical reasons; (iii) the protection of exclusive rights, including intellectual property rights; The exceptions set out in points (ii) and (iii) shall only apply when no reasonable alternative or substitute exists and the absence of competition is not the result of an artificial narrowing down of the parameters of the procurement’. 727 See, for example, case C-57/94, para 24; case C-394/02, para 34; case C-385/02 (no.85 above); joined cases C-20/01 and C-28/01 Commission v Federal Republic of Germany [2003] ECR I-3609; 728 The same circumstance is provided by Directive 2004/18/EC and Directive 2014/24/EU (see respectively articles 31/1 (c) and 32/2 (c). 729 See case C-107/92 Commission v Italian Republic [1993] ECR I-4655, para12. 730 According to the Monitoring Report of PPA for the year 2014, the main finding on the use of the negotiated procedure without a prior publication of a notice, by contracting authorities, was that even though the actual situation had become extremely urgent, the contracting authority fail to prove that the situation is unforeseeable (see PPA’Annual Report for the year 2014, available at www.app.gov.al) . 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