Ingliz tili grammatikasi

DARAK GAPLARNI O’ZLASHTIRISH

Bunda bosh gapning kesimi “demoq” ma’nosidagi say, tell, inform, answer, reply, respond kabi fe’llar bilan ifodalanib, undan so’ng qo’shtirnoq ichi ochiladi. Ergash gap that bog’lovchisi yordamida bosh gapga birlashadi.

1. Agar bosh gapning kesimi Present yoki Future zamonida bo’lsa qo’shtirnoq ichidagi zamon o’zlashtirma gapda saqlanadi. Faqat kishilik va egalik olmoshi bosh gapning egasi, aniqlovchisi yoki to’ldiruvchisiga moslashadi.

D: Akmal says: “I can speak two languages”

I: Akmal says that he can speak two languages
D: Parvina says: “I am asking you now”
I: Parvina says me that she is asking me now
D: Sanjar is informing me: “Nafisa went home yesterday”
I: Sanjar is informing me that Nafisa went home yesterday

2. Agar o’zalshtirma gapda bosh gapning kesimi Past yoki Future in the Past zamonida bo’lsa qo’shtirnoq ichidagi zamon va so’zlar quyidagicha o’zgartirilishi shart

DIRECT	INDIRECT
ZAMONLARNING O’ZGARISHI
P RESENT INDEFINITE	PAST INDEFINITE
P RESENT CONTINUOUS	PAST CONTINUOUS
P RESENT PERFECT	PAST PERFECT
P RESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
P AST INDEFINITE	PAST PERFECT
P AST CONTINUOUS	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
P AST PERFECT
P AST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
F UTURE INDEFINITE	FUTURE INDEFINITE in the PAST
F UTURE CONTINUOUS	FUTURE CONTINUOUS in the PAST
F UTURE PERFECT	FUTURE PERFECT in the PAST
F UTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS	FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS in the PAST

D: Akmal said: “I get up at six o’clock”
I: Akmal said that he got up at six o’clock
D: Parvina said: “She is writing an essay”
I: Parvina said that she was writing an essay
D: Sanjar said: “I have lost my money”
I: Sanjar said that he had lost his money
D: Nafisa said: “I have been dancing since 6 o’clock”
I: Nafisa said that she had been dancing since 6 o’clock
D: Akmal said: “I came home”
I: Akmal said that he had come home
D: Parvina said: “I was playing tennis at 4 o’clock”
I: Parvina said that she had been playing tennis at five o’clock
D: Sanjar said: “I shall finish the work in the evening”
I: Sanjar said that he should finish the work in the evening