Ingliz tili grammatikasi

Turdosh ot – ma’lum bir guruhga kiruvchi otlarga qo’yilgan umumiy nomdir. Uning quyidagi turlari mavjud:

Person	Thing	Place
sister	table	city
Boy	room	river

Atoqli ot – ma’lum bir guruhga kiruvchi otlarni o’zaro farqlash, ajratish uchun ularga qo’yilgan nomlardir. Atoqli ot doim bosh harf bilan yoziladi.
M: Akmal, Parvina, Tommi, Samarkand, Amudarya

! Agar atoqli ot bir necha so’zdan hosil qilingan bo’lsa, artikl, predlog va bog’lovchilardan tashqari barcha so’zlar bosh harf bilan yoziladi

M: The Republic of Uzbekistan
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The United States of America

Sanalish xususiyatiga ko’ra barcha turdosh otlar 2 turga bo’linadi:

1. 
   countable – sanaladigan
   
2. 
   uncountable – sanalmaydigan
   

Sanalmaydigan otlar – donalab sanash mumkin bo’lmagan otlardir. Ular o’lchov birliklari yordamida o’lchanishi mumkin sanalmasada birlik sifatida qabul qilinadi, lekin ko’plik shakliga ega emas. Ular quyidagilar:
1. moddani ifodalaydigan otlar: oxygen, hydrogen, gold, silver, iron, copper, oil, petrol, wood, wool, sugar, pepper, salt, bread, tea, coffee, rice, butter, juice, jam, cheese, meet, mustard, vodka, wine, beer, whisky, cream, yoghurt

2.mavhum tushunchalar: friendship, love, courage, bravery, knowledge, soul

3. Fan nomlari: physics, phonetics, geometry, chemistry, labour, physical training, literature, history, biology, geography

4. quyidagi otlar boshqa tillarda sanalsada ammo ingliz tilida sanalmaydi:

accommodation, advice, baggage, luggage, behaviour, bread, damage, chaos, furniture, information, luck, pleasure, money, news, progress, permission, scenery, trouble, traffic, work, weather, travel, hair, music, homework, sound, mumps, food, soap, leisure

Ba’zi so’zlar bir necha ma’noga ega. Ularning bir ma’nosi bilan sanalsa ikkinchi ma’nosi sanalmaydi. Masalan:

Hair – 1) soch (sanalmaydi)
2) qil, soch tolasi (sanaladi)
Iron – 1) temir (sanalmaydi)
2) dazmol (sanaladi)
Glass – 1) shisha (sanalmaydi)
2) stakan, ko’zoynak (sanaladi)
Time – 1) vaqt (sanalmaydi)
2) marta (sanaladi)
Paper – 1) qog’oz (sanalmaydi)
2) gazeta (sanaladi)
Money – 1) pul (sanalmaydi)
2) pul birligi, (dollar, euro, sum) (sanaladi)
Experience – 1) tajriba (sanalmaydi)
2) sarguzasht (sanaladi)
Work – 1) ish (sanalmaydi)
2) ilmiy ish (sanaladi)
Ish – 1) work (sanalmaydi)
2) job (sanaladi)
Sayohat – 1) travel (sanalmaydi)
2) voyage, cruise, trip, picnic (sanaladi)
Yuk – 1) baggage, luggage (sanalmaydi)
2) cargo (sanaladi)
Manzara – 1) scenery (sanalmaydi)
2) view (sanaladi)

2. Sanaladigan otlar – donalab sanash mumkin bo’lgan otlardir. Ularning birlik (singular) yoki ko’plik (plural) shakllari mavjud. Birlikdagi ot oldidan one, a, an, this, that, the kabi ko’rsatkichlaridan biri ishlatiladi