Ingliz tili grammatikasi

PAYT KO’RSATKICHLARINING O’ZGARISHI

N OW	THEN
T ODAY	THAT DAY
T ONIGHT	THAT NIGHT
T HIS	THAT
T HESE	THOSE
H ERE	THERE
Y ESTERDAY	THE DAY BEFORE
T HE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY	TWO DAYS BEFORE
T OMORROW	NEXT DAY, THE FOLLOWING DAY
N EXT	LATER
A GO	BEFORE
T HE DAY AFTER TOMORROW	TWO DAYS LATER

D: Zafar said: “I can’t translate this article”
I: He said that he couldn’t translate that article
D: Fariza said: “I shall bring the book tomorrow”
I: Fariza said that she would bring the book the next day
D: Komil said: “I was here yesterday”
I: Kamil said that he had been there the day before

MODAL FE’LLARNING O’ZGARISHI
M AY	MIGHT
M IGHT	MIGHT HAVE DONE
C AN	COULD
C OULD	COULD HAVE DONE
M UST, HAVE TO	HAD TO
H AD TO	HAD HAD TO
N EED	NEED HAVE DONE
S HOULD, OUGHT TO, MUST	Maslahat va buyruqni ifodalasa o’zgarmaydi

SO’ROQ GAPLARNI O’ZLASHTIRISH

Bunda ham to’ldiruvchi ergash gapli qo’shma gap hosil bo’lib, bosh gapning kesimi so’ramoq ma’nosidagi ask, interrogate, want to know, question, inquire, wonder… kabi fe’llar bilan ifodalanadi. So’roq gapda egadan oldinga chiqqan yordamchi, bog’lovchi, modal fe’llar darak gap ko’rinishida egadan keyinga turadi. Zamonlar moslashuvi darak gaplar singari bosh gapning kesimiga bog’liq.

MAXSUS SO’ROQ GAPLARNI O’ZLASHTIRISH
Bunda who, what, which, where, when… kabi so’roq olmoshlari ergashtiruvchi bog’lovchi sifatida qabul qilinib, zamonlar moslashuvi darak gaplar singari bo’ladi.
D: Shoxrux asked Aziza: “What is your name?”
I: Shoxrux asks Aziza what is her name
D: Sheroz asked Farida: “What are you doing now?”
I: Sheroz asked Farida what she was doing then
D: Zarif is asking Sitora: “When will you send the photo?”
I: Zarif asked Sitora when she would send the photo
UMUMIY SO’ROQ GAPLARNI O’ZLASHTIRISH
Bunday so’roq gaplarda egadan oldinga chiqqan yordamchi, bog’lovchi, modal fe’l o’rniga IF yoki WHETHER bog’lovchisi kelib so’roq gap darak gap ko’rinishiga aylantiriladi.
D: Dilshod asked Gulrux: “Are you a student?”
I: Dilshod asked Gulrux if she was a student
D: Zarina asks Bekzod: “Did you come yesterday?”
I: Zarina asked Bekzod whether he had come the day before
D: Daler said to Ganjina: “Have you drunk anything?”
I: Daler said to Ganjina if She had drunk anything
ALTERNATIV SO’ROQ GAPLARNI O’ZLASHTIRISH
Bunday so’roq gaplarda ham IF yoki WHETHER bog’lovchisi ishlatilib, tanlov holati saqlanadi. Zamonlar darak gapdek moslashadi.
D: Shaxzod asked Sabrina: “Are you a student or a teacher?”
I: Shaxzod asks Sabrina if she is a student or a teacher
I: Shaxzod asked Sabrina if she was a student or a teacher
TANLOV SO’ROQ GAPLARNI O’ZLASHTIRISH
Bunday so’roq gaplarda bo’lishli va bo’lishsizlik tanlov holatida keltirilib, alternativ so’roq gapdek o’zlashtiriladi
D: Jonibek asked: “You know English, don’t you?”
I: Jonibek asked if I knew English or not
THE VERB
Ingliz tilida mavjud bo’lgan barcha fe’llar o’timlilik xususiyatiga ko’ra 2 turga bo’linadi:
1. Transitive verbs – o’timli fe’llar
2. Intransitive verbs – o’timsiz fe’llar

Vositasiz to’ldiruvchi (kimni, nimani, qayerni) oladigan fe’llar o’timli fe’l deyiladi

to ask, to read, to speak, to repeat, to revise, to clean

O’timsiz fe’l esa vositasiz to’ldiruvchi olmaydigan fe’llardir. ‘

to go, to come, to arrive, to sail

Ba’zi fe’llar ma’nosi jihatdan ham o’timli, ham o’timsiz bo’ladi

Open – 1)ochmoq, 2)ochilmoq
Close – 1)yopmoq, 2)yopilmoq
Start, Begin – 1)boshlamoq, boshlanmoq
Finish, End – 1)tugamoq, tugatmoq
Grow – 1)o’stirmoq, 2)o’smoq
Drop – 1)yiqilmoq, 2)yiqitmoq
PASSIVE VOICE
Tilshunoslikda quyidagicha fe’l nisbat shakllari mavjud:
1. Aniq nisbat – ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi ega, bajariluvchi esa vositasiz to’ldiruvchi bo’ladi
M: Men xatni yozyapman

2. O’zlik nisbat – bunda ish-harakat bajaruvchi ya’ni egaga saqlanadi

M: Akmal yuvinib, kiyinib, ovqatlandi

3. Burgalik nisbat – bunda ish-harakat bir necha shaxs tomonidan bajariladi

M: Bolalar kelishib darsdan qochishdi

Yuqoridagi uchala nisbat ham ingliz tilida Active Voice da ishlatilib, barchasida ega bajaruvchi bo’ladi. Biz shu paytga qadar Active Voiceni o’rgandik

M: Anvar woke up, washed, dressed and had breakfast

Majhul nisbat (Passive Voice) faqat o’timli fe’llar bilan ishlatilib Activedagi payt ravishlari Passiveda ham ishlatiladi. Majhul nisbat quyidagicha hosil qilinadi:

1. Activedagi vositasiz to’ldiruvchi Passiveda egaga aylanadi. Chunki bajaruvchi kerak emas, bajariluvchi muhim.
2. Activedagi ega esa Passiveda vositali to’ldiruvchi vazifasida by (tomonidan) yoki with (bilan) predlogi bilan keladi, yoki ishlatilmasligi ham mumkin
3. Fe’l istalgan zamon shakli Passivening yordamchi fe’li to be fe’liga ko’chib asosiy fe’l Sifatdosh 2 (V₃)ga aylanadi. Zamon saqlanadi.
4. Darak, so’roq, inkor ko’rinishlar ham o’z o’rnida qoladi
5. Modal fe’l ham o’z holicha saqlanadi, faqat o’timli fe’l o’zgartiriladi
6. O’timsiz fe’l majhul nisbatda ishlatilmaydi

Majhul nisbat zamonlarda quyidagi ko’rinishda bo’ladi:

1 . PRESENT INDEFINITE – S + V₁ S + TO BE + V₃

M: Shuxrat reads topics every day
Topics are read by Shuxrat every day
She doesn’t speak English
English isn’t spoken by her

2 . PRESENT CONTINUOUS – S + AM/IS/ARE + V_ING S + TO BE + BEING + V₃

M: I am writing a sentence now
The sentence is being written by me now
Are you learning English?
Is English being learnt by you?

3 . PRESENT PERFECT - S + HAVE/HAS + V₃ S+ HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V₃

M: She has already made three mistakes
Three mistakes have been already made by her
Have you just brought the letter?
Has the letter just been brought by you

4 . PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS – S + HAVE + BEEN + V_ING YO’Q