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RAVISH DARAJALARI

  • Ko‘pgina ravishlarning, ayniqsa holat ravishlarining darajalari sifatlarning darajalariga o‘xshaydi.

  • Bir bo‘g‘inli sodda ravishlarning qiyosiy darajasi –er qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan, orttirma darajasi esa -est qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan yasaladi.

Oddiy daraja

Qiyosiy daraja

Orttirma daraja

Fast
hard
late
soon
early

faster
harder
later
sooner
earlier

Fastest
hardest
latest
soonest
earliest




  • Sifatga -ly qo‘shimchasi qo‘shib yasalgan ravishlarning qiyosiy darajasi uning oldiga more, orttirma darajasi esa oldiga most qo‘yish bilan yasaladi:

Oddiy daraja

Qiyosiy daraja

Orttirma daraja

Clearly
Bravely
Correctly
Cautiously

More clearly
More bravely
More correctly
More cautiously

Most clearly
Most bravely
Most correctly
Most cautiously




  • Often tez-tez, quickly tez, slowly sekin ravishlarining darajalari har ikkala yo‘l bilan yasaladi.

    Oddiy daraja

    Qiyosiy daraja

    Orttirma daraja

    Often
    quickly
    slowly



    Oftener
    more often
    quicker
    more quick
    slower
    more slow

    Oftenest
    most often
    quickest
    most quickly
    slowest
    most slowly

  • Quyidagi ravishlarning darajalari ular yasalgan sifatlarga o‘xshab qoidaga bo‘ysunmasdan yasaladi.

Oddiy daraja

Qiyosiy daraja

Orttirma daraja

Well
badly
much
little
far

Better
worse
more
less
farther/further

best
worst
most
least
farthest/furthest


L ESSON 5-6
VERBS. AUXILLARY VERBS
(FE’LLAR. YORDAMCHI FE’LLAR)

  • Fe’l deb ish harakat va holatni anglatib nima bo’lmoq nima qilmoq so’roqlariga javob bo’ladigan so’z turkumiga aytiladi.

  • Fe’llar asosan 3 ga bo’linadi:

  1. Asosiy fe’l

  2. Yordamchi fe’l

  3. Modal fe’llari.

  • Asosiy fe’l gapning hukmron qismi bo’lib asosan ish harakatni anglatadi.

He speaks in English. ( U inglizcha gapiradi.)
I like apples. (Men olmani yoqtiraman.)

  • Yordamchi fe’l asosiy fe’l yo’q paytda yoki gaplarni so’roq va inkor formasini hosil qilish uchun ichlatiladigan fe’l shakli. Ular 3 turga bo’linadi.

  1. TO BE

  2. TO HAVE

  3. TO DO

  • Modal fe’llari asosiy fe’llarga birikib fe’llarning modallik manosini anglatadi.

Can, could, may, might, must, should, have to, va b modal fellari mavjud.


TO BE FE’LI



  • To be feli o’zbek tiliga bo’lmoq deb tarjima qilinadi u asosan shaxs va narsa buyumning holatini nomini, sifatini va unga berilgan nisbatni anglatib keladi.

He is Dilshod.
He is handsome.
He is doctor.

  • To be fe’lining 3 xil zamon shakllari mavjud:

Simple present: am, is, are.
Simple Past: were, was
Simle future: shall, will

  • To be felining shaxslarda tuslanishi:

Simple present: am, is, are
I - am we are
You - are you are
He/She/It is they are
M: I am student. He is student. They are students.
Simple Past: were, was
I - was we were
You - were you were
He/She/It was they were
M: I was student. He was student. They were students.
Simle future shall, will
I - shall we shall
You - will you will
He/She/It will they will
M: I shall be student. He will be student

  • To be yordamchi feli qatnashgan gaplarning bo‘lishsiz formasini hosil qilishda to be fe’lining tegishli shaklaridan keyin not inkor yuklamasi qo‘yiladi:

I am not student.
I was not doctor.
He willnot be teacher.

  • To be yordamchi feli qatnashgan gaplarning so‘roq formasini hosil qilishda to be fe’lining shakllari egadan oldinga o‘tkaziladi:

Am I student?
Were you a doctor?
Will you be teacher?

  • Og‘zaki nutqda To be yordamchi felining, Simple Present bo‘lishli shaklida odatda quyidagi qisqartirmalar yuz beradi:

I am =I’m We are = we’re
You are = you’re You are = you’re
He is =he’s She is = she’s
It is = it’s They are = they’re

  • To be yordamchi felining Simple Present bo‘lishsiz shaklida quyidagi qisqartirishlar yuz beradi:

I am not = I’m not
He is not = he’s not yoki he isn’t
She is not = she’s not yoki she isn’t
It is not = it’s not yoki it isn’t
We are not = we’re not yoki we aren’t
You are not = you’re not yoki you aren’t
They are not = they’re not yoki they aren’t

  • To be yordamchi felining Simple Past bo‘lishsiz shaklida quyidagi qisqartirishlar yuz beradi:

I (he, she, it) was not = I (he, she, it) wasn’t
We (you, they) were not = we(you, they) weren’t

  • To be yordamchi felining Simple Future shaklida quyidagi qisqartirishlar yuz beradi:

I shall = I’ll
You will not = you won’t


HAVE GOT / HAS GOT



  • To have yordamchi feli o‘zbek tiliga “ega bo‘lmoq” “bor” deb tarjima qilinadi asosan shaxslarga tegishli bo’lgan narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.

  • To have yordamchi feli 3 xil ma’no va holatda ishlatiladi.

  1. I have abook. Bunda yordamchi fe’l “bor” ma’nosida ishlatilyapti.

  2. I have breakfast at 7 o’clock every day. Bunda have otga qo’shilib asosiy fe’l “nonushta qilmoq” ma’nosida ishlatilyapti

  3. I have cleaned the room. Bunda have participle (sifatdoshga) qo’shilib Perfect zamon shakli hosil qilish uchun ishlatilyapti.

  • To have yordamchi felining 3 xil zamon shakli mavjud.

Simple present: have, has “bor”
Simple past: had “bor edi”
Simple future: shall have, will have “bor bo’ladi”

  • To have felining shaxslarda tuslanishi:

Simple present: have, has
I - have we have
You - have you have
He/She/It - has they have
I have got black eyes. yoki I have black eyes. (Mening ko‘zlarim qora.)
He has got a large family. yoki He has a large family. (Uning katta oilasi bor.)
Simple Past: had
I - had we - had
You - had you - had
He/She/It - had they - had
I had some money. – (Menda (bir qancha) pul bor edi.)
We had an animal at home. (Uyda hayvonimiz bor edi.)
Simle future shall have, will have
I - shall have we shall have
You - will have you will have
He/She/It wil lhave they will have
I shall have a book next week. (Kelasi hafta menda kitob bor bo’ladi.)
She will have a cat nex month. (Kelasi oyda unda mushuk bor bo’ladi.)

  • To have yordamchi feli qatnashgan gaplarning bo‘lishsiz formasini hosil qilishda to have fe’lining tegishli shaklaridan keyin not inkor yuklamasi qo‘yiladi:

I have not book.
I has not dog.
We had not pen.
He will have not cat.

  • To have yordamchi feli qatnashgan gaplarning so‘roq formasini hosil qilishda to have fe’lining shakllari egadan oldinga o‘tkaziladi:

Have I book?
Has sh a pen?
Had you a dog?
Will you have cat?

  • Og‘zaki nutqda To have yordamchi felining, Simple Present bo‘lishli shaklida odatda quyidagi qisqartirmalar yuz beradi:

I have =I’ve We have = we’ve
You have = you’ve You have = you’ve
He has =he’s She has = she’s
It has = it’s They have = they’ve

  • To have yordamchi felining Simple Present bo‘lishsiz shaklida quyidagi qisqartirishlar yuz beradi:

I have not = I haven’t
He has not = he hasn’t yoki he’s not
She has not = she’s not yoki she hasn’t
It has not = it’s not yoki it hasn’t
We have not = we’ve not yoki we haven’t
You have not = you’ve not yoki you haven’t
They have not = they’ve not yoki they haven’t

  • To have yordamchi felining Simple Past bo‘lishsiz shaklida quyidagi qisqartirishlar yuz beradi:

I (he, she, it) had not = I (he, she, it) hadn’t
We (you, they) had not = we(you, they) hadn’t

  • To have yordamchi felining Simple Future shaklida quyidagi qisqartirishlar yuz beradi:

I shall have = I’ll have
You will not have = you won’t have.


THERE IS / THERE ARE



  • There is (There are) birikmalari o’zbek tiliga bor deb tarjima qilinadi asosan joylarda mavjud bo’lgan narsalar yoki shaxslar haqida gapirganda ishlatamiz. Mazkur konstruksiyali gaplardagi so‘zlar tartibi quyidagicha bo‘ladi:

there is/are+ ega +o‘rin holi
There is a newspaper on the table. (Stol ustida gazeta bor.)
There are newspapers on the table. (Stol ustida gazetalar bor.)

  • Eslatma: Gapda bir nechta ega kelgan bo‘lsa, kesim (to be) odatda, o‘zidan keyin birinchi kelgan ega bilan sonda moslashadi.

There is a table and five chairs in the room. (Xonada stol va beshta stul bor.)

  • Tasdiq, inkor va so‘roq gaplarning yasalishi:

Birlik
Tasdiq gap
There is a book on the table. - Stol ustida kitob bor.
There’s a good film on TV today. - Bugun televizorda yaxshi film bor.
Inkor gap
There is not any book on the table. - Stol ustida hech qanday kitob yo‘q.
There isn’t any good film on TV today.
Bugun televizorda hech qanday yaxshi film yo‘q.
There is no good film on TV today. - Bugun televizorda yaxshi film yo‘q.
So‘roq gap
Is there any book on the table? - Stol ustida birorta kitob bormi?
Is there any good film on TV today? - Bugun televizorda biror yaxshi film bormi?

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