Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1) Xaksli J. 1959. Klasslar va sinflar. Qobilda A.J. (tahrirlangan) Vazifasi va taksonomik ahamiyati. Sistematik assotsiatsiya, London.
2) Latreil, P.A. (1804). Nouveau Dictionnaire à Histoire Naturelle, xxiv; Latreilda keltirilgan, P.A. (1825).Familles naturelles du règne animal, foshlar qisqacha va dans un ordre analytique.
3) a b Tudge, Kolin (2000). Hayotning xilma-xilligi. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 0198604262.
4) LAN, R; Rivz, PR (2002). "Escherichia coli maskasi: Shigellaning molekulyar kelib chiqishi". Mikroblar va infektsiya / Institut Pasteri. 4 (11): 1125–32. doi:10.1016 / S1286-4579 (02) 01637-4. PMID 12361912.
5) a b Grant, Verne (1998). "Molekulyar kladistika bo'yicha sharhlar bilan polemoniasiyalarning birlamchi tasnifi va filogeniyasi". Amerika botanika jurnali. 85 (6): 741–752. doi:10.2307/2446408. JSTOR 2446408. PMID 21684957.
6) Sperling, E. A .; Pisani, D .; Peterson, K. J. (2007 yil 1-yanvar). "Poriferan parafili va uning prekambriyadagi paleobiologiyaga ta'siri" (PDF). Geologik Jamiyat, London, Maxsus nashrlar. 286 (1): 355–368. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.286..355S. doi:10.1144 / SP286.25. S2CID 34175521. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2009 yil 9 mayda. Olingan 22 avgust 2012.
7) Donoghue, Maykl J. (1 iyun 2005). "Asosiy yangiliklar, yaqinlashish va muvaffaqiyat: o'simlik filogeniyasidan makroevolyutsion darslar" (PDF). Paleobiologiya. 31 (sp5): 77-93. doi:10.1666 / 0094-8373 (2005) 031 [0077: KICASM] 2.0.CO; 2.
MUNDARIJA.
Kirish..................................................................................................................................3
I bob. Adabiyotlar sharhi.................................................................................................4
II bob. Asosiy qism............................................................................................................8
2.1. Filogenetika haqida umumiy ma’lumot...................................................................8
2.2. Filogenetik daraxt.....................................................................................................17
2.3. Filogenetik daraxtni o'qish: monofiletik guruhlarning ma'nosi..........................22
2.4. Filogenetik tarmoq va evolyutsion daraja..............................................................28
III bob. Xulosa.................................................................................................................32
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar..............................................................................................33
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