Lecture Stylistics as a science. Problems of stylistic research. Plan

Figures of quality comprise 3 types of renaming:
transfer based on a real connection between the object of nomi­nation and the object whose name it’s given.
Metonymy in its two forms: synecdoche and periphrasis:
Metonymy: / am fond of Dickens; I collect old china.
She is coming, my life, my fate (A. Tennison)
Names of tools instead of names of actions:
"Give every man thine ear and few thy voice." (Shakespeare)
Consequence instead of cause:
…the fish desperately takes the death…
Characteristic feature of the object:
"Blue suit grinned, might even have winked. But big nose in the grey suit still stared." (Priestley)
Symbol instead of object symbolized: crown for king or queen.
Other examples:
"We smiled at each other, but we didn't speak because there were ears all around us." (Chase)
“Save your breath,' I said. 'I know exactly what you have been thinking.“ (Chase)
"... he didn't realize it, but he was about a sentence away from needing plastic surgery." (Clifford)
Synecdoche. The term denotes the simplest kind of metonymy: using the name of a part to denote the whole or vice versa:
hands wanted; All hands on deck!.
"Wherever the kettledrums were heard, the peasant (= all the peasants) threw his bag of rice on his shoulder, tied his small sav­ings in his girdle, and fled with his wife and children to the mountains or the jungles, and the milder neighbourhood of the hyena and the tiger (= of hyenas and tigers)." (Macaulay)
Periphrasis. This does not belong with the tropes, for it is not a transfer (renaming), yet this way of identifying the object of speech is related to metonymy:
"What do you mean by this?" said Sikes, backing his inquiry with a very common imprecation concerning the most beautiful of human features." (“Oliver Twist”. Dickens)
"Major Burnaby was doing his accounts or - to use a more Dickens-like phrase - he was looking into his affairs."
"Pearson had apparently before now occasionally borrowed money — to use a euphemism — from his farm - I may say without their knowledge." (A. Christie)
"Delia was studying under Rosenstock - you know his repute as a disturber of the piano keys (= as a pianist)... Delia did things in six octaves so promisingly..."(= played the piano so well...).
"Up Broadway he turned and halted at a glittering cafe, where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grape, the silkworm, and the protoplasm" (= the best wine, dresses, people).
"And then, to the waiter he betrayed the fact that the minutest coin and himself were strangers" (= that he did not have a single coin; that he had no money at all). (O’Henry)