Lecture Stylistics as a science. Problems of stylistic research. Plan

Metaphor. This term (originally applied indiscriminately to any kind of transfer) denotes expressive renaming on the basis of similarity of two objects: the real object of speech and the one whose name is actually used. But there is only affinity, no real connection between the two. Similarity on which metaphorical renaming is based may concern any property of the thing meant. It may be colour, form, character of motion, speed, dimensions, value, and so on, that show a resemblance.
Head of Government, film-star, foot of a hill, bottle's neck, leg of a table, needle's eye.
He had enormous difficulty… with depalatalization, never managing to remove the extra Russia moisture from t’s and d’s before the vowels he so quaintly softened. (V. Nabokov, ‘Pnin’)
… century-old historical monographs, their somnolent pages foxed with fungus spots… (Ib.)
A factory worker’s family spent a quiet evening at home. All dressed up, in a parlour choked with ornamental plants, under a great silk lampshade. (Ib)
Trite metaphors: seeds (roots) of evil, a flight of (the) imagination, to burn with desire. to fish for compliments, to prick up one's ears, the apple of one's eye.
"I suppose," said Suzanne doubtfully, "that we're not barking up the wrong tree [= here not accusing an innocent person]?... (Christie)
"Pat and I were chewing the rag about it (= were chatting about it) when the telephone bell on Pat's desk came alive (= rang)." (Chase)
"What's bitingher, I wonder?" (Chase) The implication is: what makes her uneasy. "How about playing the game with the cards face up," Bolan suggested. (Pendelton)
Sustained metaphor:
"In November a cold, unseen stranger, whom the doctors called Pneumonia, stalked about the colony, touching one here and there with his icy fingers. Over on the east side this ravager strode boldly, smiting his victims by scores... Mr. Pneumonia was not what you would call a chivalric old gentleman..." (The Last Leaf by O. Henry)
Larry had no notion that he was driving a dagger in to her breast and with his every detached word twisting it in the wound (The Rainbow’s Glory is Shed. Shelly)
It surprised him to realize how fond he had been of his teeth. His tongue, a fat sleek seal, used to flop and slide so happily among the familiar rocks, checking the contours of a battered but still secure kingdom, plunging from cave to cove, climbing this jag, nuzzling that notch, finding a shred of sweet seaweed in the same old cleft; but now not a landmark remained, and all there existed was a great dark wound, a terra incognita of gums which dread and disgust forbade one to investigate. (V. Nabokov, ‘Pnin’)
He preached with fury, with passion, an iron man beating with a flail upon the souls of his congregation. But the souls of the faithful at Crome were made of India – rubber, solid rubber, the flail rebounded. (A. Haxley)
Catachresis (or mixed metaphor) - consists in the incongruity of the parts of a sustained metaphor. The incongruous metaphors:
"For somewhere," said Poirot to himself, indulging in an abso­lute riot of mixed metaphors, "there is in the hay a needle, and among the sleeping dogs there is one on whom I shall put my foot, and by shooting the arrow into the air, one will come down and hit a glass-house!" (A. Christie).
Allusion. The term allusion denotes a special variety of metaphor.
"If the International paid well, Aitken took good care he got his pound of flesh..." (Chase)
It’s his Achilles heel (myth of vulnerability).