Lexical transformations Grammatical transformations Lexico-grammatical transformations

4. OMISSION AND ADDITION.
As a type of grammatical transformation – omission is necessitated by grammatical redundancy of certain forms in two languages.
He raised his hand. У кулини кутарди. Он поднял руку.
Addition, as a type of grammatical transformation can be met with in cases of formal inexpressiveness of grammatical or semantic components in the language of the original text.
Also, there was an awkward hesitancy at times, as he essayed the new words he had learnt.
Баъзида у якиндагина урганган янги сузларини талаффуз килишда хозирланиб, тухтаб коларди.
Иногда он запинался, готовясь произнести слова, которые он только недавно выучил.
The meaning of the verbal form is expressed in Russian by the words “только недавно”, and in Uzbek by the adverb “якиндагина”.
It must be emphasized that the division into lexical and grammatical transformations is, to a great extent, approximate and conditional. In some cases a transformation can be interpreted as one pr another type of elementary transformation. In practice the cited types of lexical and grammatical transformations are seldom met with in “pure form”. Frequently they combine to form complex transformations.²
Grammar transformations are morphological or syntactical changes in translated units. They are subdivided into the following types:

1. 
   Grammar substitution, when a grammar category of the translated unit is changed. Thus a passive construction can be translated by an active voice verb form: Martin Heidegger is generally regarded as one of the most influential founders of existentialism. – Мартина Хайдеггера обычно считают одним из самых значительных основоположников экзистенциализма. The reason for this transformation is stylistic: in English the passive voice is used much more often in neutral speech, whereas in Russian this category is more typical of the formal style.
   

Or there may be substitution of the noun number category, the singular by the plural or vice versa: Her hair is fair and wavy. – У нее светлые волнистые волосы. This transformation is due to the structural difference between the English and Russian languages: in English the analyzed noun is Singularia Tantum, in Russian it is used in the plural.