Lexical transformations Grammatical transformations Lexico-grammatical transformations

Modulation is a logical development of the notion expressed by the word: But outside it was raining. -– Но на улице шел дождь. The primary equivalent of the word outside is снаружи. But it is impossible to say in Russian *Но снаружи шел дождь. By means of unsophisticated logical operation the translator finds another equivalent: на улице. Thus he takes into consideration a tradition of the word combination and acceptability of collocation. He is aided in this by the metonymical closeness of word meanings based on contiguity of the two notions.

2. Antonymous translation is a complex lexico – grammatical substitution of a positive construction for the negative one / and vice – versa/, which is coupled with a replacement of a word by its antonym when translated / Keep off grass – Майса устидан юрманг – Не ходите по траве./

3. Compensation (o’rnini qoplash) is used when certain elements in the original text cannot be expressed in terms of the language it is translated into. In cases of this kind the same information is communicated by other or another place to as to make up the semantic deficiency:

“He was ashamed of his parents..., because they said don’t” and “she don’t”... /Celindjer/ - У уз ота- онасидан уяларди, чунки улар сузларни нотугри талаффуз килардилар- Он стеснялся своих родителей, потому что они говорили “хочут” и “хотите”( перевод Раи Ковалёвой).
2.Compensation is a deliberate introduction of some additional element in the target text to make up for the loss of a similar element in the source text. The main reason for this transformation is a vocabulary lacuna in the target language. For example, one of the Galsworthy’s characters was called a leopardess. But there is no one-word equivalent of the same stylistic coloring in Russian. Therefore, the translator compensated the word by using the word тигрица to characterize the lady.

II. Supplementations. (qo’shish) A formal inexpressibility of semantic components is the reason most met with for using supplementation as a way of lexical transformation. A formal inexpressibility of certain semantic components is especially of English word combinations N + N and Adj + N

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