Microsoft Word A16-2-10-Behera-1-In-16-02-03-Agri doc
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1. Introduction
Agriculture is considered to be the backbone of our economy since independence. There is a view that in the recent times, India has surpassed this stage of development; it has arrived at a non-agricultural sector dominated take-off stage of the economy. While this statement appears to be true from the point of national income generation, the same cannot be held so strongly from either macroeconomic point of view on employment. On the one hand, there is still a strong complementary relationship between agriculture and non-agriculture through linkages of demand and supply; and on the other, the sector directly supports 55 per cent of the workforce engaged in agriculture as their principal occupation, and indirectly even more. Though the latest National Sample Survey Organization’s (NSSO’s) quinquennial survey (2009–10) on employment shows a 4 per cent point decline in the share of agriculture compared to the previous round. Such a structural transformation is only expected in the economy, but the rate of transformation has been much slower than desired. It is because the decline in the share of agricultural workers in total workers has been slower as compared to the decline in the share of agriculture in gross domestic product (GDP). Even with the rural sector, this process of transformation from agriculture to the non- agriculture sector is also slower (Jha, 2006). Moreover, in the rural India, the growth
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Patna, Ashok Rajpath, Patna, Bihar-800 005, India.
Applied Econometrics and International Development Vol. 16-2 (2016)
130 rate of employment in the non-agricultural sector has been far short of the increase in the rural workforce. As a result, rural unemployment is mounting. To make things worse, with a dominant share of small and marginal farmers in agriculture, there is said to be a substantial disguised unemployment as well. No wonder, the Indian state is grappling with employment question in the rural economy by introducing an employment guarantee scheme to mitigate the consequences. One can dread the possibility in the long-run of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) becoming the sole employer in the rural economy. Keeping this in view, the present paper examines the employment dynamics in agriculture by looking at the trends in growth and empirically estimates the effects of determining factors of the same. The outline of the paper follows; the second section revisits the historical background of agricultural policy and growth. The third section deals with the structure and growth of agriculture in terms of income, employment, technology and elasticity. The section after that empirically estimates the effects of determining employment factors in agriculture. Finally, a summary and policy implications of the paper are given in the fifth section.
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