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A Brief Historical Background of Agricultural Policy and Growth
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2. A Brief Historical Background of Agricultural Policy and Growth
Indian agriculture has undergone a substantial change in the institutional setting over the period. India inherited a traditional, non-capitalist and semi-feudal structure of agriculture from the colonial rule on the eve of Independence. The major policy reform that was first mooted for the sector was abolition of intermediates, like Zamindars, Jagirdars, etc. This measure brought a substantial increase in land under cultivation during the 1950s, which became the chief source of growth of the sector during the period. Of course, a land consolidation and modernization program under the Community Development Programme was also undertaken in the 1960s. However, Indian agriculture decelerated towards the 1960s and the country was in midst of successive famines and food grain shortage. The major policy change that was mooted to push agriculture to a higher growth path was the Green Revolution Programme in 1965–66 (Dantwala, 1986). During the 1970s, tenancy laws were enacted to provide security of tenancy, regulation of rent and conferring ownership rights on cultivating tenants, albeit with limited success (Rudra, 1978). Nevertheless, these institutional factors mark a turning point in the history of Indian agriculture with a rate of growth of almost 2.8 per cent during 1950–51 to 1964–65 (pre-Green Revolution period) compared to less than 0.5 per cent per annum during 1904–05 to 1944–45 (Bhalla, 1988). Since the mid 1960s, the Green Revolution strategy meant a policy shift from an emphasis on institutional to technological change with the input-intensive seed fertilizer–water-technology along with credit and market support. The Green Revolution, which was successfully adopted everywhere by the mid-1970s, is widely held responsible in improving the food grain economy to achieve a long-cherished dream of self-sufficiency, ending import dependence. With the Green Revolution period, the agricultural sector grew at 3.2 per cent during 1965–1966 to 1975–1976. The decade of the 80s is supposed to be the golden period in Indian agriculture, where the improvements in yield on the one hand and tremendous rates of public and private investments on the other pushed agricultural growth to an average growth of 3.8 per Behera, D.K. Employment Potential In Indian Agriculture: An Econometric Investigation
131 cent. Despite the cost of fiscal burden, the impressive agricultural growth certainly played a complementary role to the manufacturing and service sector growth to push the GDP beyond the plan target of 5.5 per cent. The post-1991 economic reforms, however, did not target agriculture directly, but nonetheless, it received the impact indirectly from the macroeconomic policy and other institutional reforms (Chand et al., (2007)). The deflationary policies aimed at reducing aggregate demand and fiscal deficit led to the slowing down of public investment in agriculture (Chand, 2005), reduced the availability of institutional credit (Shetty, 2006), reduced the subsidies and market support. This increased cost of production, deteriorating terms of trade (Rao and Gulati, 2005), leading to increased indebtedness and market risk. The net effect is a marked slow-down in the agricultural growth rate and a rapid decline of its share in the GDP. Brief periods of improved terms of trade in the initial years, and a substantial hike in minimum support prices given by the government, did not succeed in outweighing the effects of the deflationary measure adopted to sustain the growth (Rao, 2005). As a result, the post-reforms growth rate has declined to 2.9 per cent during 1991–00 and further to 2.1 per cent during 2000–09. Download 165.54 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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