Ministry of higher and secondary

PHRASAL VERBS

Certain translation difficulties are caused by phrasal verbs (verb + particle), which are also found in medical texts, not only because of the development of their meanings - literal and idiomatic meanings (look up - look up; find in the dictionary), but also such a language feature when different post-positive particles with one verb change value as a whole (look at, look after, look for), sometimes the whole construction is simply not identified as a whole.

e. g. Consultation with the patient’s physician may be necessary to rule out endocrine disturbances or immunologic deficiencies. Consultation with the patient’s physician may be necessary to rule out endocrine or immune deficiency. (To rule out - 1. draw a line with a ruler; 2. exclude).


Exercise 1. Find the meaning / meaning of the phrasal verbs in the ^{dictionary and translate the sentences}.

1. 
   Simple treatment may be carried out utilizing agents to establish local control of bleeding (for example, topical tranexamic acid).
   
2. 
   The study’s results could back up new regulations by the British government.
   
3. 
   This procedure is carried out in an intraoral approach
   
4. 
   Even if the local anesthetic appears to wear off satisfactorily and sensation returns, clinicians still should follow up patients for 72 hours, because delayed nerve damage caused by less neurotoxic agents is possible.
   
5. 
   The viral DNA can take over the functions of the cell (become activated), causing the cell to produce new virus particles.
   
6. 
   The World Health Organization has pointed out the potentially disastrous consequences of the rise in liver diseases in developing countries.
   

6. PASSIVE VOICE

A valid voice (Active Voice) indicates that the subject is the person or subject performing the action. Passive Voice shows that the subject or person designated as the subject is exposed to: e.g. A famous scientist made this experiment. A famous scientist conducted this experiment. e.g. The experiment was made by a famous scientist. The experiment was conducted by a famous scientist. In the scientific literature, the passive voice is used very often, because the focus is on the object, not the person or object performing the action. Sentences with a predicate verb in a passive voice sometimes present significant difficulties when translating into Uzbek.

Often passives have verbs followed by a preposition. They are also translated by a verb with a preposition that is better to be put in first place, before due (to deal with, to refer to, to report on, to comment on, to depend on, etc.).
e.g. The article is often referred to. The article is often cited.
Particular attention should be paid to verbs that are used in English without a preposition (following a verb), and are translated into Russian by a verb with a preposition.