Neuro-physiological basis of sensations Visual senses Muscle movement sensations, static sensations

Types of senses
In psychology, senses divided into three large groups (extroreceptive, proprioreceptive, introreceptive) are in turn divided into the following types:
1. Visual senses;
2. Hearing senses;
3. Senses of smell;
4. Senses of taste;
5. Skin sensations;
6. Muscle - movement (kinesthetic);
7. Statistical intuitions;
8. Organic senses;
Visual senses
Humans perceive color and light through the senses of sight, and perceived colors are divided into chromatic and achromatic types. According to the psychophysiological law, the color formed when light rays are refracted through a triangular glass prism is called chromatic colors , including rainbow colors, i.e. red, violet, yellow, green, air color, blue , covering purple hues. Usually white color, black color, gray color and their variations are known as achromatic colors .
The organ of vision is the eye, which consists of the optic nerves that emerge from the eyeball, and the eyeball is surrounded by external blood vessels and the retina. The opaque white part of the outer membrane is called the sclera, or hardened sclera. A slightly convex part located in front of it is a transparent mucous membrane, and its anterior part is called a colored membrane. According to the color of this veil, depending on its coloration, people's eyes are blue or black. In the center of the colored membrane is a round transparent substance, which we call the pupil, through which light rays enter the eye.
The third layer of the eyes is called the retina, and it covers almost the entire inner surface of the eyelid. Behind the colored curtain with the pupil is the pupil of the eye, a convex, clear body on both sides. Rays of light are collected in it, then refracted, and the reflection, image of an object or object falls on the retina.
The entire inner surface of the eyeball, between the pupil and the retina, is covered with a special clear fluid known as the vitreous. The retina is important for the perception of color and light and contains the branches of the optic nerve. At the peripheral ends of these networks are special nerve cells called rods and cones. The retina of the human eye contains about 130 million special nerve cells called rods and cones. It is estimated that the human retina contains about 130 million rods and about 7 million rods. With the help of flasks, chromatic, that is, daytime colors are seen.
Rods are sensitive to light, perform their function in dim and dark times, reflect achromatic colors.
The most sensitive part of the retina is the central cavity of the macula, which is considered to be the center of the macula. As a result of looking directly at the object, the eye muscles are focused on it, and the speed of the reflector falls on the yellow spot. This kind of vision is called right vision.
The human eye perceives the effects of colors at wavelengths of approximately 380 millimicrons to 780 millimicrons.
The main rules of the theory of three-color perception were described by MV Lomonosov in 1756, and after 1856, the German physicist G. Helmgols fully proved it.
According to this theory, there are three main elements in the retinal cones, the excitation of one of which produces the perception of red color, the excitation of the second produces the perception of green color, and the excitation of the third produces the perception of violet color. According to the theory, when light waves simultaneously excite three elements, the perception of white color occurs. But if the light waves affect two or three elements, but this does not pass evenly, then depending on how excited each of the sensing elements is, different color sensations are manifested.
In modern psychology, there is information that the perception of colors is not only related to processes in the retina, but also to other processes that occur in the cerebral cortex. According to modern data, it has been proven that rods contain a special substance called visual purpura. When the eye is exposed to light, the optic nerve is chemically broken down into its components, and this process stimulates the optic nerve, creating the sensation of light and dark. purple restores functional status.