Neuro-physiological basis of sensations Visual senses Muscle movement sensations, static sensations

Neuro-physiological basis of sensations
It is known that sensations are formed not only as a result of external influences, but also in the internal state of the organism. Sensation is formed in the form of reactions of the nervous system affected by one or another stimulus and has reflexive properties like any mental phenomenon. The nervous-physiological basis of sensations is the nervous process formed as a result of the effect of the stimulus on the analyzer, which is exactly similar to itself. Also, in the study of the neuro-physiological basis of sensations, IPPavlov constitutes an analyzer apparatus.
The analyzer is a system of nervous mechanisms that receives the effects from the external and internal environment and transforms the physiological process into a mental process, i.e. sensations. The analyzer apparatus consists of 3 parts, which are as follows:
Ø peripheral (receptor) - a special transformer part that transfers external power to the nervous process;
centripetal ) and efferent (centrifugal) nerves that open the paths connecting the peripheral part of the analyzer with the central analyzer ;
Ø subcortical and cortical sections where the processing of nerve signals from the peripheral sections of the analyzer takes place.
IN THE SHELL SECTION OF THE analyzer, the main part of the receptor cells is the concentrated core, that is, the central part, and the outer part, which consists of scattered cell parts in different places of the shell. In the central part of the analyzer there are nerves going from the receptor to the center and it consists of many cells. the peripheral, i.e. scattered, parts of this analyzer enter the areas adjacent to the cores of other analyzers, and in the process of searching for specific objects, a large part of the cerebral cortex is involved. the core of the analyzer performs the function of analysis and synthesis, for example, the pitch of sounds.
Scattered parts are concerned with distinguishing coarse-grained features, such as musical tones and sounds.
The analyzer is the source and the most important part of the whole path of nerve processes or reflex arc. The reflex arc consists of the nerve pathways that carry the effect from the receptor to the brain and the effector. The interaction of the elements of the reflector arc provides the basis for the functioning of a complex organism in accordance with the living conditions of the organism.
Sensations are divided into the following types depending on which organs are used, i.e. sight, hearing, smell, taste, skin, muscle-movement, organic senses. They are characterized by where the sense organs are located.
According to the latest achievements and terms of world psychology, intuitions are classified as follows. The first appearance of this classification belongs to the English scientist CH.Sherrington. Depending on where the receptor is located, it divides sensations into three types.
1. Sensations that reflect the properties of objects and events in the external environment and whose receptors are located on the surface of the body, that is, extroreceptive senses;
2. Sensations that reflect the state of internal body organs and whose receptors are located in internal body organs and tissues, that is, interoceptive sensations.
3. Sensations located in muscles, ligaments, and muscles that provide information (information, message) about the state and movements of our body and body, i.e., proprioceptive sensations.
We will analyze the classification of sensations and research on this. Russian psychologist AR Luria conducted a research on the initial comments about interoceptive sensations. According to him, interoceptive sensations are not original, basic, meaningful sensations, but appear as intermediate sensations between emotions and sensations. In the science of psychology, since these sensations have not been fully studied, they are called "unknown sensations". It is of particular importance in the diagnosis of conditions that arise mainly in diseases of internal organs.
Interoceptive sensations are visible in the change of a person's mood and emotional reactions, and cause a sharp change in behavior in a child. Because the child does not have the ability to understand and feel the internal state of the body parts. It can be noticed from the general change of behavior for him .
Interoceptive sensations are the basis for maintaining the balance of internal processes in the body. In short, this process is called hemostasis (stability) of alternating processes in the body. Also, these sensations perform the task related to the loss of the pulse, tension, affective states that arise in a person, and to satisfy the inborn inclinations. As a result, the functioning of the internal organs may be disrupted.
Physiological mechanisms of interoceptive sensations together with interoception were thoroughly studied by KMBikov, VNChernigovki. According to them, all these things arise from the mechanisms of conditioned reflex activity
Proprioceptive sensations provide signals about the position of the body in space. They are considered the controller of human movement and form the afferent base.
Peripheral receptors are located in muscles, tendons and joints, and have the shape of special corpuscles called Puccini corpuscles.
Stimuli generated in the body as a result of muscle movement and changes in the position of the joints are transmitted to the white fluid in the posterior column of the spinal cord with the help of nerve fibers. The stimuli reach the lower sections of the nucleus of Burdakh and Goll and, passing through the cortical nodes, complete their actions in the darkened zone of the large hemisphere of the brain.
That proprioceptors are the afferent basis of movement was studied by A. Orbeli, PKAnokhin in animals, and NABernsteins in humans.
According to psychological data, the position of the body in space, sensitivity is expressed in static sensations. Its center is located in the inner ear canals, which lie adjacent to each other in a space perpendicular to each other.
For example, the change of head position can be seen in the following scheme:
a) excitation due to endolymph fluid;
b) auditory nerve;
c) vestibular nerve;
g) temporal section of the skull;
d) goes to the brain apparatus;
The vestibular sensory apparatus is in direct contact with vision and participates in the process of targeting (orienting) space.
For example, crossing the highway and so on . This process can also be found in a pathological condition.
Extroreceptive senses are also divided into intermodal, non-specific sense categories. For example, it is possible to feel vibration for 10-15 seconds through the hearing organ, but not with the ear, but with the help of bones (brain cover, elbow, knee tips) - it is called vibration sensations. For example, deaf people's perception of sounds. Usually vibrational sensitivity is also known as intermodal sensation. It also has the following appearances:
a) in the senses of smell, taste and taste;
b) in very strong sound, very bright light;
c) in the combined integrative state of three different effects;
The non-specific form of sensation includes skin photo-sensitivity, which is realized by distinguishing colors, fine sentences, feeling with the tips of the hands. The photosensitivity of the skin was discovered by ANLeontev, which makes it possible to rationally approach many cases. The research was mainly done by sending green and red colors to the tip of the hand. The nature of skin photosensitivity has not been sufficiently studied in psychology.