Old english grammar and exercise book
Download 0.5 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
oe grammar
first consul;
Hēr ęndað sēo ǣreste bōc, ǫnd onginneð sēo ōðer, Here the first book ends, and the second begins ; ðȳ fīftan dæge, on the fifth day; on ðǣm tēoðan gēare hiera gewinnes, on the tenth year of their strife; Hēo wæs twęlfte, She was twelfth; Sē wæs fēorða frǫm Agusto, He was fourth from Augustus. 53 CHAPTER XVI. ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, AND CONJUNCTIONS. Adverbs. 93. (1) Adverbs are formed by adding –e or –līce to the corresponding adjectives: sōð, true; sōðe or sōðlīce, truly; earmlīc, wretched; earmlīce, wretchedly; wīd, wide; wīde, widely; micel, great; micle (micele), greatly, much. (2) The terminations –e and –līce are replaced in some adverbs by –unga or -inga: eallunga, entirely; fǣringa, suddenly; grundlunga, from the ground, completely. Note 1.—The l is intrusive in the last adverb. In Mn.E. headlong, originally an adverb, we have not only a similar intrusive l, but the only survival of O.E. –unga. (3) The genitive case is frequently used adverbially: sūðeweardes, southwards; ealles, altogether, entirely; dæges, by day; nihtes, by night; ðæs, from that time, afterwards. Cf. hys (=his) weges in Ðonne rīdeð ǣlc hȳs weges, Then rides each his way. Note 2.— The adverbial genitive is abundantly preserved in Mn.E. Always, crossways, sideways, needs (=necessarily), sometimes , etc., are not plurals, but old genitive singulars. The same construction is seen in of course, of a truth, of an evening, of old, of late , and similar phrases. (4) Dative and instrumental plurals may be used as adverbs: hwīlum, at times, sometimes [whilom]; stundum (stund = period), from time to time; miclum, greatly. Especially common is the suffix –mǣlum (mǣl = time [meal]), preserved adverbially in Mn.E. piecemeal: dropmǣlum, drop by drop ; styccemǣlum (stycce = piece), piecemeal, here and there. (5) The suffix –an usually denotes motion from: hēr, here. hider, hither. heonan, hence. ðǣr, there. ðider, thither. ðǫnan, thence. hwǣr, where? hwider, whither? hwǫnan, whence? norðan, from the north. ēastan, from the east. hindan, from behind. feorran, from far. ūtan, from without. (6) The adverb rihte (riht = right, straight) denotes motion toward in norðrihte, northward, due north; ēast rihte, due east; sūðrihte, due south; westrihte, due west. 54 Prepositions 94. The nominative is the only case in O.E. that is never governed by a preposition. Of the other cases, the dative and accusative occur most frequently with prepositions. (1) The prepositions that are most frequently found with the dative are: æfter, after. frǫm (fram), from, by. æt, at. mid, with. be (bī), by, near, about. of, of, from betwēonan (betuh), between. tō, to. būtan (būton), except. tōforan, before. for, for. tōweard, toward. (2) The following prepositions require the accusative: geond, throughout. ðurh, through. ofer, over, upon. ymbe, about, around. oð, until, up to. (3) The preposition on (rarely in), meaning into, is usually followed by the accusative, but meaning in, on, or during, it takes the dative or instrumental. The preposition wið meaning toward, may be followed by the genitive, dative, or accusative; but meaning Download 0.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling