On phenomena in ionized gases
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- 3. Results and discussion
- Measurement of the CH rotational temperature in DBD discharges in CH 4 /CO 2
- 2. Experimental set-up and modeling
- 3. Results 3. References
- Realistic 3D Particle Modelling of Discharge Inception near Ice Particles and other Dielectric Objects
- Investigation of Ion Dynamics in Collisionless RF Sheath
- 4. References
- Spectroscopic study of low pressure, low temperature H 2 -CH 4 -CO 2
1. Introduction The discharge processes in bubbles in water attract much attention recently, but the physics of the discharge in a bubble has not been fully understood yet. In addition, we also have insufficient understanding about the effects of electromagnetic fields on the formation processes of bubbles in water. In this work, we observed the bubble formation from the tip of a needle electrode which was connected to a high-voltage power supply. A unique point of the present experiment is that the needle electrode faced the gas-liquid boundary of a laser ablation-induced cavitation bubble. 2. Experiment A titanium plate, which was electrically grounded, was installed in water, and it was irradiated by focused Nd:YAG laser pulses from the normal direction. A needle electrode, which was connected to a high-voltage power supply, was placed at a distance from the ablation point. The irradiation of the laser pulse induced a cavitation bubble. The cavitation bubble had the dynamics of the expansion, the shrinkage, and the collapse, but the tip of the electrode was separated from the gas-liquid boundary of the cavitation bubble even when the bubble size became maximum.
Figure 1 shows shadowgraph pictures and the waveforms of the voltage and the current. We employed a pulsed power supply in this experiment, and the high voltage was switched on at a delay time of T
0 =267
µs after the irradiation of the laser pulse. Figure 1(a) shows the shadowgraph picture at this timing. The shadows of a hemispherical cavitation bubble and the needle electrode are seen in Fig. 1(a). After the spiky displacement current, a conduction current of approximately 20 mA passed from the needle electrode to the grounded titanium plate. At a delay time of T 1 =320
µs, we observed the formation of a bubble from the tip of the needle electrode, as shown in Fig. 1(b). The bubble was lengthened toward to gas-liquid boundary of the cavitation bubble. The discharge between the needle electrode and the titanium plate occurred at a delay time of T 2
µs, when the bubble connected the cavitation bubble and the needle electrode, as shown in Fig. 1(c). It is noted here that a similar bubble formation was observed even when we employed an alumina target. Since the conduction current was negligible in the case using the alumina target, it is considered that the bubble formation was not caused by the Joule heating of water. Topic number 12 T 0 =267 μs T 1 =320
μs T 2 =334 μs -2 0 2 4 6 8 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 250
300 350
400 V ol ta ge
(k V ) C u rre n t
(mA ) Time after laser ablation ( µ s) Voltage Current T 0 T 1 T 2 (d)
Fig. 1 (a)-(c) Shadowgraph images observed at various delay times, and (d) voltage and current waveforms. 65
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Topic number: 10 Measurement of the CH rotational temperature in DBD discharges in CH 4 /CO 2 /He mixtures and simulation of the gas temperature N. Pinhão P 1
, J. Branco 2 P 1 P
Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 2 Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal This work is dedicated to the measurement of the CH rotational temperature on micro-discharges in an atmospheric pressure DBD plasma in CH 4 /CO 2 /He mixtures. The rotational temperature is obtained from the optical emission of the CH (A 2 Δ - X 2 Σ) transition. The discharge is produced either by an ac or fast pulse generators. The CH rotational population shows a bimodal distribution with a high temperature tail and thermalized body. To evaluate if the rotational temperature is a good indication of the gas temperature, we have computed the gas temperature profile for a given input power through the simultaneous solution of the heat and Navier-Stokes equations. The modeling values are consistent with the rotational temperatures obtained.
Non-thermal plasmas have been used for the conversion of methane/CO 2 mixtures into synthesis gas (CO/H 2 ) and higher hydrocarbons. In order to understand the chemical kinetics and build reliable models for these mixtures, it is necessary to know the gas temperature of the micro-discharges. Previous studies on CH 4 and
CH 4 /CO 2 mixtures [1] using the CH (A 2 Δ – X
2 Σ) transition have found rotational temperatures, T r
discharges than the volume averaged gas temperature. In this work we study the influence of the specific energy input, the dilution in helium, and the type of power supply on T r . In
order to assess the gas temperature distribution on the reactor and compare with the T r , we build a model for the gas and heat fluxes along the reactor taking into account the input power, the chemical energy efficiency and the energy losses to the surrounding air. 2. Experimental set-up and modeling The experimental system is described in [2]. It is a cylindrical DBD reactor powered by three type of generators: a sinusoidal generator with frequencies of 5-20 kHz and two pulse generators: (i) a solid state switch producing 1.2 μs width rectangular pulses with 80 ns raise time and repetition rate of 2-10 kHz and, (ii) a drift step recovery diode generator producing pulses with <4 ns rise time, 10 ns FWHM and repetition rate of up to 3.5 kHz. The CH rotational bands were monitored with a mini-optical spectrometer with a 1.7 nm resolution and cooled to -10 ºC. The numerical results were obtained with the Elmer multi-physics FEM code coupling the Navier-Stokes and the heat equations. The power input corresponds to the experimental values.
[1] J. Luque, M. Kraus, A. Wokaun, K. haffner, U. Kogelschatz and B. Eliasson J. Appl. Phys. 93 (2003) 4432-4438. [2] N. Pinhão, A. Moura, J.B. Branco and J. Neves Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41 (2016) 9245 Acknowledgments: This work was funded by Portuguese FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under project UID/FIS/50010/2013. Figure 1: CH spectra showing the hot tail. Points: experimental results; lines: fit with LIFBASE Figure 2: Color scale: Gas velocity on the reactor; Contour lines: temperature distribution from 300 K to 580 K with steps of 25 K 66
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Realistic 3D Particle Modelling of Discharge Inception near Ice Particles and other Dielectric Objects
C. Rutjes P 1 P , U J. Teunissen 1,2 P , U. Ebert P 1,3
P
P 1 P
P
P Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
P 3 P
Prior to streamer formation, when the numbers of charged particles in the relevant region are still relatively low, a fluid discharge model is not appropriate. We have developed a particle model to study the initial phase, specifically the stochastic nature of positive streamer inception near dielectrics and other surfaces. The model is motivated by lightning initiation near ice particles in thunderclouds, but can be applied more generally to jitter in discharge inception. The model is designed such as to easily continue with 3D streamer simulations in the Afivo framework. This enables the first 3D streamer simulations that start with realistic initial distributions of electrons and ions.
In thunderstorms, streamers (as precursors for lightning leaders) can be initiated from hydrometeors (droplets, graupel, ice needles, etc.). These hydrometeors locally enhance the thundercloud electric field to values above electric breakdown; the initial electrons in the humid air of the cloud may be provided by extensive air showers [1]. Typically, streamers are modelled with a deterministic fluid model (i.e. drift-diffusion-reaction coupled with Poisson), which is now possible in full 3D with the Afivo framework [2]. However, under typical subcritical conditions electrons will only multiply in regions of local field enhancement to values above breakdown that can occur near a dielectric object. For typical hydrometeors this region is at most of the order of a cubic millimetre. Hence only individual electron avalanches – with their intrinsically random nature – are entering the breakdown area sequentially. On these scales, a deterministic fluid description is not valid. Therefore, we have developed a stochastic particle model to study the behaviour of the system described above, to calculate the probability of streamer inception for a given hydrometeor, electric field and initial electron density.
The DIPIC3D (Discharge Inception Particle in Cell 3D) code is a further development of the code used in [3] and assumes that initially space charge is not important, enabling fast parallel computation of the particle dynamics in the electric field. The initial electric field can be loaded from third party software packages like COMSOL®. In addition, the code can project particles into cells of the octree grids in the Afivo framework [2], which includes adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), a geometric multigrid solver, shared-memory (OpenMP) parallelism and it supports output in Silo and VTK file formats. In this manner, space charge effects can be included in the later stage of the discharge evolution, but currently still excluding polarization, which is fair for ice where the dielectric constant for fields changing on the nanosecond scale is relativity low (~3 compared to ~90 for stationary fields).
First results show that the discharge starts with great jitter and usually off the symmetry axis, demanding a stochastic approach in full 3D for streamer inception in realistic thunderstorm conditions. We will present the latest developments of the DIPIC3D code and discuss our simulation results. After publication, the software will be made available as open source.
4. Acknowledgments C.R. acknowledges funding by FOM Project No. 12PR3041, and J.T. by postdoctoral fellowship 12Q6117N from FWO.
[1] A. Dubinova et al., Prediction of lightning inception by large ice particles and extensive air showers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 015002. [2] J. Teunissen and U. Ebert, Afivo: a framework for quadtree/octree AMR with shared memory parallelization and geometric multigrid methods, submitted to Comp.
Phys. Comm.,
arxiv.org/abs/1701.04329. [3] J. Teunissen and U. Ebert, 3D PIC-MCC simulations of discharge inception around a sharp anode in nitrogen/oxygen mixtures, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 (2016) 044005.
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XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Investigation of Ion Dynamics in Collisionless RF Sheath
Yunchang Jang P 1 P , U H.-J. Roh UP 1 P , N.-K. Kim 1 1 P , S. Ryu
1 , Y. Jin
1 , S. Shim 2 , M. Choi 2 , S. Jeong 2 ,
2 , D. Sung 2 , Gon-Ho Kim P 1 . P
PED e
2 PED
e Mechatronics R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Hwaseong, Korea
It was invesigated that energy spread of ion energy distribution (IED) which is known as being governed by the dynamics of ion in RF sheath and the magnitude of RF voltage peak. Semi-analytic models was derived from concept of ion response time (τ i ) in previous study. However, the property of ion response time (τ i ) was not clearly understood. In this study, τ i was investigated with varying RF period (τ rf ) in a low pressure Ar plasma. Experiment results revealed that the time scale of ion response time is determined by one of the ion plasma frequency (ω pi ) rather than the ion transit time across the sheath (τ ion
) in this high-density plasma. 1. Background The dynamics of ion motion in the collisionless rf sheaths play an important role in the determination of the energy spread of ion energy distribution (IED) with varying RF. Miller et al. proposed the concept of ion response time (τ i ) to RF sheath voltage and assumed that ion thermal motion at sheath boundary determine IED [1]. Sobolewski et al. [2] represented that the ion energy broadness (ΔE i ) is in terms of the sheath voltage oscillation (V pp ) and τ i /τ
rf as shown in Equation 1 by using Miller’s theory.
1/2 2 2 2 1 2 / i pp i rf E eV
(1)
Previous IED analyses adopted this equation as a function of ion transit imte across the sheath (τ ion )/τ
rf
with a correction factor to explain the experiments or simulation results of ion energy spread [3]. Specifically, the correction factor played important role in the analyses. In this study, we focused on what physics governs the correction factor, consequently defining the ion response time τ i with RF voltage oscillation. Experimental data taken in the low pressure Ar plasma with various RFs were compared to Equation (1) with the time scale of τ ion
and time scaled of 1/ω pi .
Experiment were performed in an argon VHF-CCP at 20 mTorr which has the ratio of maximum sheath size to ion mean free path ~ 2. Various ranges of RF (from τ i /τ
rf ~ 0.05 to τ i /τ
rf ~10)
were applied to bottom electrode to enhance the incident ion energy with very high frequency (VHF, τ i
rf ~10) which was applied on the top electrode (showerhead) to sustain plasma. One RF bias power was applied to bottom electrode alone . A commercial retarding field analyser (Impedans, Vertex V4.0.10) was employed to measure IED. Plasma density, electron temperature and plasma potential were measured by using RF compensated Langmuir probe. 3. Results and Discussion Experimental results of ΔE i to V pp are summarized in Figure 1. It is compared with models under assumptions that ion response time is ion transit time (indicated by solid and dotted lines) or one of ion plasma frequency (indicated by dashed line). The dashed line is agreed well with the experiments results, implying that the ion energy arriving at surfaces is governed by the ion thermal motion at the sheath boundary. Consequently, it determines the initial condition of ion acceleration.
= ((2.25) 0.5 /2
= 1/
= (kT e /V dc )
[2]
=
[3] 0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1
E / 2 eV s
/
Figure 1. The ratio of ion energy broadness to sheath voltage magnitude as a function of τ ion /τ rf
(symbols) for comparison between models (lines). 4. References [1] P.A. Miller and M.E. Riley, J. Appl. Phys. 82 (1997) 3689. [2] M.A. Sobolewski, Y. Wang, and A. Goyette, J. Appl. Phys. 91 (2002) 6303. [3] A.C.F. Wu, M.A.
Lieberman, and
J.P. Verboncoeur, J. Appl. Phyis. 101 (2007) 056105 Acknowledgements This work was partly supported by the Brain Korea 21 Plus Project (No. 21A20130012821) and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd . (Project No. 0620-20160027) 8 68 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Spectroscopic study of low pressure, low temperature H 2 -CH 4 -CO 2 microwave plasmas used for large area deposition of nanocrystalline diamond films
A. S. C. Nave 1 , B. Baudrillart 2 , S. Hamann 1 , F. Bénédic 2 , G. Lombardi 2 , A. Gicquel 2 ,
1 ,
J. Röpcke 1
1 INP Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany 2 LSPM CNRS UPR 3407 Université Paris 13, 93430 Villetaneuse, France In a distributed antenna array (DAA) reactor, microwave H 2 plasmas with admixtures of 2.5% CH 4
and 1% CO 2 used for the deposition of nanocrystalline diamond films have been studied by infrared absorption and optical emission spectroscopy techniques.
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