On phenomena in ionized gases
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- A computational chemical kinetics study of a supersonic microwave plasma for CO 2 dissociation
- Quantitative Evaluation of High-Energy Oxygen Negative Ion Flux in DC Magnetron Sputtering of Indium-Tin-Oxide
- 3. Results and discussion
- Reference
- Modelling the chemical and electrical impact of lightning in the upper atmospheric plasma of planetary atmospheres
- 1. Impact of quasi-electrostatic field
- Figure 1
- Kinetic study on gas discharge plasma generated by focused microwaves
- 2. Results and discussions 2.1. X-band microwave breakdown in nitrogen
- 2.2. W-band microwave breakdown in air
- 3. References
- Fuzzy nanostructure growth on precious metals by He plasma irradiation
[1] B. Vayner. XXXIth ICPIG, July 14-19, 2013, Granada, Spain 55
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
A computational chemical kinetics study of a supersonic microwave plasma for CO 2 dissociation
V. Vermeiren, A. Berthelot, A. Bogaerts Research group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Past experiments have reported 1 a record high energy efficiency (up to 90%) for plasma based CO 2
chemical processes, occurring in such reactor, has been reported. In this work, we study these processes by means of a chemical kinetics model, elucidating the crucial role of the asymmetric vibrational modes of CO 2 . This model uses flow values, calculated by the commercial software package COMSOL, as input parameters for the chemical kinetics model. The study is performed over a range of specific energy input values, by varying both the flow rate and the applied microwave power.
Microwave sustained discharges have gained increasing interest as a possible pathway in the reduction of anthropogenic CO 2 emission 2 . Their non-equilibrium nature allows for a very efficient excitation of the asymmetric vibrational modes, leading to dissociation 3,4
. Very promising experimental results have been reported with a supersonic microwave discharge, in which the flow passes through a Laval nozzle 1 . In
this setup, the flow passes through a convergent- divergent nozzle, which creates a desired pressure drop in addition to a supersonic flow velocity. So far, no computational chemical kinetics study has been reported, explaining the underlying chemistry for such type of discharge, using a pure CO 2 gas.
2. Methodology This computational study is performed by a 0D chemical kinetics model, using
the code
ZDPlaskin 5 . The model solves various balance equations for the different plasma species, providing the evolution of the species densities through the reactor. The Electron Energy Distribution Function is calculated at every computational point by a built- in Boltzman solver, called BOLSIG+ 6 . The chemistry set which is used in this work is based on the work of Kozák et al 3,4 . It takes into account all the CO 2 asymmetric mode levels up to the dissociation energy of 5.5eV, together with 4 effective low-lying symmetric stretching and bending mode levels.
In figure 1, we show the calculated values for velocity and pressure when applying a total pressure of 2 atm on the inlet. The results show the characteristic pressure drop after the nozzle, followed by a shockwave, as is also experimentally observed for a similar setup 1,4 . 4. References 1 Asisov R. I., Vakar A.V., Jivotov V.K., Proc. of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 271 (1983). 2
Fridman A., Plasma Chemistry, Cambridge University Press (2012). 3 T. Kozák and A. Bogaerts, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23, 4 (2014). 4 T. Kozák, A. Bogaerts, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24, 1 (2015). 5 Pancheshnyi S., Eismann B., Hagelaar G. J. M. and Pitchford L. C. Computer Code ZDPlasKin www.zdplaskin.laplace.univ-tlse.fr (2008). 6 Hagelaar G.J.M. and Pitchford L.C., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 14, 722 (2005).
Figure 1: Calculated velocity magnitude [m/s] (left) and absolute pressure [Pa] (right) profiles for a total input pressure of 2 atm.
Topic number: 5 56 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Quantitative Evaluation of High-Energy Oxygen Negative Ion Flux in DC Magnetron Sputtering of Indium-Tin-Oxide
H. Toyoda, H. Bae, T. Suyama, K. Setaka, H. Suzuki P
Particle flux of high-energy (~a few 100 eV) negative ions from indium-tin-oxide target in DC magnetron plasma is evaluated quantitatively, using calorimetric method. Spatial profile of heat flux from the target is measured and localized heat flux originated from high-energy O - ion is observed. From an O - kinetic energy of 240 eV measured by an energy-resolved mass spectrometer, O - particle flux of 2x10 18 ion/m 2 s is obtained.
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is popular material as a transparent conductive film because of its low resistivity and high optical transmittance greater than 80%. So far, ITO films are used in many industrial applications, such as solar cell, touch panel, flat panel display, image sensor, and so on. During the sputter deposition of ITO films, various species are coming to the film depositing surface such as high energy negative ion, positive ion or electrons. To give an insight into the key species for the film quality degradation, we have investigated sputter deposition of ITO films using a magnetron sputter device where 40 MHz VHF power is superposed to conventional DC power [1], reducing kinetic energy of high-energy oxygen negative ions. However, previous studies related to high-energy O -
ions did not mention absolute value of particle flux impinging on the surface, as far as we know. In this study, particle flux of high-energy O - ions is quantitatively evaluated using calorimetric method.
In the experiment, Ar gas is introduced into a cylindrical chamber (30 cm in diameter, 28 cm in height) at a pressure of 0.4 Pa. DC power (<250 V,
target (12 cm in diameter). A ring-shaped plasma of a 2 cm in radius is produced. A sheathed thermocouple is installed at a target-thermocouple distance of 10 cm. Heat flux is measured from an initial temperature increase rate of the thermocouple after turning on the plasma. To measure radial profile of the heat flux, the thermocouple is movable parallel to the target plate. To discriminate between isotropic heat flux originated from the plasma surrounding the thermocouple and anisotropic heat flux coming from the target, a small shield plate is installed in the vicinity of the thermocouple. Rotating the thermocouple with the shield plate, angle-resolved heat flux is measured and the heat flux originated from the high-energy O - ions is evaluated. 3. Results and discussion Figure shows radial profile of heat flux with and without the shield plate at a discharge current of 0.3 A. With the shield plate, heat flux monotonically decreases with the radial position. Without the shield, however, local increase of the heat flux at a radial position of 2 cm, i.e., just below the magnetron ring, is observed. From space-resolved mass spectrometry, localized high-energy O - ion at the magnetron-ring radius has been also observed, and considering this fact, the peak of heat flux is considered to be due to the high-energy O - ions. From the absolute heat flux measurement from O - ions and O - ion energy measurement by
the energy-resolved mass spectrometer, particle flux of 2x10 18 ions/m
2 s is
obtained taking account for energy loss by backscatter of surface-neutralized O - ion and re-sputtering of ITO film by high-energy O - ions. Reference [1] H.Toyoda: J. Vac. Soc. Jpn. 51 (2008) 258. Topic number 8 0 50
150 200
250 300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 H e a t F lux De n s ity
(W /m 2 ) Radial Position (mm) without Shield with Shield Fig. 1. Radial profile of heat flux with and without heat shield. 57
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Modelling the chemical and electrical impact of lightning in the upper atmospheric plasma of planetary atmospheres
F.J. Pérez-Invernón 1 , F.J. Gordillo-Vázquez 1 and A. Luque 1
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), CSIC, Granada, Spain
The electromagnetic field created by terrestrial lightning discharges has a chemical and an electrical impact in the plasma existent in the upper atmosphere, producing Transient Luminous Events (TLEs). We extend previous models of the impact of quasi-electrostatic field (QE) in the terrestrial mesosphere produced by cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharges, providing the community with new tools to interpret observations from spacecraft. In addition, we use a Finite Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) model to investigate possible TLEs existence in the atmosphere of giant planets caused by lightning-emitted electromagnetic pulses (EMP). Finally, we apply these models to the case of Venus to investigate the mesospheric optical signature produced by hypothetical Venusian intra-cloud (IC) lightning, proposing an indirect method to determine the existence of lightning discharges in Venus from the Japanese spacecraft Akatsuki, orbiting Venus since December 2015.
The QE field produced by lightning induces glow discharges in the upper atmosphere. We have developed a 2D model to investigate the detailed chemical impact and transient optical emissions produced by lightning discharges in the upper atmospheres of the Earth and Venus.
On Earth, we extend the vibrational model proposed in [1]. We study the temporal density evolution of 136 species interacting through 1090 kinetic reactions under the influence of a QE field created by CG discharges. We predict the geometry of the resultant mesospheric optical emissions, and extract physical information from brigthness measurements of the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) band, second positive and first negative systems of nitrogen.
On Venus, we define a chemical scheme composed by 27 species interacting through 79 kinetic reactions [3]. We calculate the expected mesospheric optical signature of hypothetical Venusian lightning, obtaining a transient increase in the OI (557 nm) green airglow emissions, observable from Akatsuki spacecraft.
Figure 1: Emission brightness caused by a terrestrial CG lightning with a Change-Moment-Change of 350 C km. 2. Impact of EMP pulses
Terrestrial lightning discharges originate EMPs that can excite the plasma of the upper atmosphere, producing fast (< 1 ms) optical emissions known as elves. The discovery of these emissions could provide new useful information about extraterrestrial atmospheres.
We have developed a 3D FDTD model to solve the Maxwell equations in the atmospheres of giant planets and Venus, using an Intra-Cloud (IC) lightning discharge as a source. This solver is coupled with Langevin’s equation for electrons and with a chemical scheme for each planet (Jupiter, Saturn [2] and Venus [3]). We study the influence of lightning channel inclination, background magnetic field and atmospheric composition.
atmosphere of Jupiter as seen from a spacecraft caused by EMP originated by a vertical lightning discharge. 3. References [1] Gordillo ‐Vázquez, F. J. (2010). JGR. 115(A5). [2] Luque, A., Dubrovin, D., Gordillo -Vázquez, F. J., Ebert, U., Parra-Rojas, F. C., Yair, Y., & Price, C. (2014). JGR, 119(10), 8705-8720. [3] Pérez-Invernón, F. J., Luque, A., & Gordillo -Vázquez, F. J. (2016). JGR, 121(7), 7026- 7048.
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XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Kinetic study on gas discharge plasma generated by focused microwaves
Wei Yang , Qianhong Zhou, Zhiwei Dong
Gas discharge plasmas generated by μs-pulse focused microwaves are investigated. The model is based on a self-consistent solution to Helmholtz equation for microwave field, particle continuity equations, and the energy balance equations, coupled with plasma kinetics. Two recent experiments were studied: a. sub-Megawatt (MW) X-band 9.4 GHz microwave breakdown in 200 Pa nitrogen; b. MW-class W-band 110 GHz microwave breakdown in 1~100 Torr air. In case a, the tracked density of electronic states N 2 (C 3 Π
) agreed with the measured intensity from second positive system (SPS) of optical emission spectroscopy (OES). In case b, the simulation results reproduced the dependence of nitrogen vibrational and translational temperature on microwave fields and air pressure measured by OES. The underlying mechanisms for above coincidences were unveiled.
The microwave gas breakdown has applications in beamed energy propulsion, stand-off detection, and plasma heating in ITER. While the focused microwave beam was usually used in the experiments, the theoretical predictions generally used the model of plane electromagnetic (EM) wave. However, the discharge parameter is sensitive to the spatial field amplitude. The difference between plane EM beam and focused beam used in experiments should be noted, especially in the study of energy deposition into gas breakdown plasma. We develop a plasma fluid model to study the gas discharge plasma generated by focused microwaves. The model calculates the particle densities, electron temperature, nitrogen vibrational T v and translational temperature T g , and is time dependent with microwave transmission and reflection considered in the Helmholtz wave equation. Here we studied two recent experiments: a. sub-MW X-band microwave breakdown in 200 Pa nitrogen [1]; b. MW-class W-band microwave breakdown in 1~100 Torr air [2]. The plasma decay in the afterglow is also investigated. The following just shows some important results, and more will be reported in the conference site. 2. Results and discussions 2.1. X-band microwave breakdown in nitrogen
Fig. 1. Spatial and temporal distribution of excited states. The spatial and temporal behaviour of particle density for excited states N 2 (C 3 Π
) during pulsed microwave discharge in nitrogen is shown in Fig. 1. The spatial position of density peak moves upstream toward the microwave source (x=0), accompanying the propagation of plasma electrons. The diffusion ionization front of plasma electrons impact neutral gases and generate excited states during its path toward microwave source. The de-excitation processes of quenching higher level excited states and optical transition emission result in generation of lower level excited states. The spatial integral of N 2 (C 3 Π u ) density shows similar trend with the previously measured intensity of SPS [1].
The dependences of T v and T g on gas pressure are shown in Fig. 2 near the breakdown threshold. The dependence of T v on gas pressure from 1~100 Torr shows a Paschen-type curve. The vibrational excitation is strongly dependent on electron density, reduced electric field, and the microwave plasma interacting time duration [3]. The T g shows a monotonic decrease with pressure, and the fast gas heating is attributed mostly to the available thermal energy in quenching of electronic excited states.
Fig. 2. Vibrational and translational temperature as a function of gas pressure near breakdown threshold. 3. References [1] M. Mesko, Z. Bonaventura, P. Vasina, et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 (2006) 574. [2] J. S. Hummelt, M. A. Shapiro, and R. J. Temkin, Phys. Plasmas 19 (2012) 123509. [3] W. Yang, Q. Zhou, and Z. Dong, Phys. Plasmas 24 (2017) 013111. 9 59 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Fuzzy nanostructure growth on precious metals by He plasma irradiation
S. Kajita P 1 P , T. Nojima 2 , Y. Tomita 2 , U N. Ohno P 2 , N. Yoshida 3 , M. Yajima 4 , T. Akiyama 4 , T. Yagi 5
P 1 P
2 Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 3 Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 4 National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Japan 5 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
By helium plasma irradiation to precious metals including rhodium (Rh) and ruthenium (Ru), it was found that fiberform nanostructures were formed on the surface. By scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis, helium bubble growth inside the fuzzy structures were observed. It was likely that the fuzzy structures were easily formed by He plasma irradiation on Rh and Ru because the shear modulus was high similar to tungsten.
It was found in plasma material interaction in fusion devices that helium (He) plasma irradiation leads to the formation of fiberform fuzzy nanostructures on tungsten surface [1]. The incident ion energy and surface temperature are important parameters to control the surface morphology changes. Furthermore, the He plasma irradiation leads to the nanostructure formation on various metals including titanium, nickel, molybdenum and so on [2]. Because the nano-structurization of metallic material are important for industrial application including for catalysis and photocatalysis, it would be of interest to further investigate the He plasma irradiation effects on other metals as well which were not used for irradiation experiments. In this study, we conducted He plasma irradiation on precious metals including rhodium (Rh) and ruthenium (Ru).
He plasma irradiation was conducted in the linear plasma device NAGDIS-II, in which high density (~10 19
-3 ) He plasmas can be produced in steady state. Rh and Ru samples were prepared by a magnetron sputtering device. The sample was negatively biased, and the surface temperature was increased by the bombardment of He ions. The surface temperature was measured by a radiation thermometer. Figure 1 shows a typical scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of the He plasma irradiated Rh surface. The incident ion energy was ~45 eV, the surface temperature during the irradiation was ~700 K, and the He ion fluence was 1.1 x
26 m
-2 . It was found that fiberform nanostructures were formed on the surface. By transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation, elongated bubbles were observed in the fiberform structures. We also conducted He plasma irradiation on Ru sample. Fiberform structures were also observed on Ru sample which was exposed to the He plasma at the surface temperature of 920 K, the incident ion energy of ~45 eV, and the fluence of 2.4 x 10
m -2 . The shear modulus of Rh and Ru at the room temperature was 150 and 173 GPa, respectively, and the values were comparable to that of W (161 GPa). It is likely that nanostructure formation tends to take place when the shear modulus is high [3] such as Rh and Ru.
Figure 1: SEM micrographs of He plasma irradiated Rh surface. The length of the bar is 200 nm.
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