On phenomena in ionized gases
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- 2. Results conclusions
- AC electric arcs burning in and outside of the discharge channels of high voltage three-phase plasma torches
- 2. Experimental setup, methods and results
- 3D modelling of Negative Ion extraction in ITER-like NBI via massive parallel calculations
- 2. Numerical modelling schemes
- 3. Results and discussion
- Similarity of gas discharges at low pressure in the gaps between two plane-parallel electrodes
- Development of ambient desorption/ionization source using ultrafast laser and nonthermal atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet for ambient
- 3. Experimental Results
1. Introduction & theory Electrically powered spacecraft propulsions have a wide application in use with space vehicles. However, modern space-programs aims require thrusters those main characteristics such as: thrust, specific impulse and life time must be far beyond of currently available ones [1]. Thus researching of physical process of HT is still important. The excited state populations density (ESPD) is indicator of the presence defined process (ionization, excitation, transfer etс.) in the plasma and its parameters [2]. 2. Experimental setup Experiments are performed in the vacuum test facility – TMVC11 [3].
The work pressure is approximately 8×10 -5 mbar. Pumping produces by Nd: YAG pulsed laser with wave length wide 192 – 2600 nm and with the output pulse energy from 1 to 400 mJ. Impulse duration is 5…9 ns.
Measurements of the ESPD were made for points (volume of about 16 mm
3 ) all over the plane perpendicular to thruster axis in five positions on this axis (10 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm) and for 4 location of objective. 2. Results & conclusions In this paper, we describe the results of a ESPD of Hall thruster in 3D by LIF compare with passive diagnostic method. We explored 10 transitions by LIF and more than 60 by passive diagnostics. The value of the measurements error is shown on the fig. 1. The results of ESPD for ions and neutrals are demonstrated on fig 2. Neutral atoms ESPD is comparatively homogeneous for different thruster region and state with good agreement with passive method. It can be described using one model (Collision–Radiative model). Ions ESPD not uniform at cathode area and near the thruster face and strongly depends on transitions that lead to divergence results of two method. In other words ones needs multilevel kinetic model for linking to excited state
populations density
and ion
concentrations
Fig.1. Measurements errors. Fig 2. ESPD for ions and neutral atoms . Classic model can be used for far plume region or for specific electron levels. Also was notice that ion ESPD is strongly not Boltzman.
[1] Griem H. Plasma Spectroscopy. ─ M.: Atomizdat, 1969. ─ 452 pages. [2] Hani Kamhawi, Wensheng Huang et al. Overview of the Development of the Solar Electric Propulsion Technology Demonstration Mission 12.5-kW Hall Thruster, AIAA 2014-3898 [3] Krivoruchko D.D., Skrilev A.V. Skorokhod E.P. , Excited state population density and spontaneous emission probabilities ХеI plasma of Hall Thruster , MAI proceeding, № 92, 2017.
1,E+03 1,E+05 1,E+07
1,E+09 1,E+11
1,E+13 1,E+15
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 N i /g i E, eV Neutral
Ion + Topic number 6 88
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
AC electric arcs burning in and outside of the discharge channels of high voltage three-phase plasma torches A. V. Surov P , S. D. Popov, E. O. Serba, Gh. V. Nakonechny, V. A. Spodobin, A. V. Pavlov, A. V. Nikonov, O. M. Stepanova
P Institute for Electrophysics and Electric Power of Russian Academy of Sciences (IEE RAS), Dvortsovaya emb. 18, 191186, St.Petersburg, Russia
Characteristics of AC electric arcs, burning in the experimental three-phase generators of thermal plasma are investigated. Part of the arc column is burning outside the device discharge channel. Arc currents were up to 85 A (rms), voltage drops were up to 3.3 kV. Average temperature of working gas exceeded 3000 K and in discharge zone temperature was above 8000 K.
High-efficiency thermal plasma generators having a long life time of operation are required for plasma- chemical applications [1-3]. Electric arc plasma torches allow energy transfer to the working gas with high efficiency. Direct current (DC) plasma torches have been used for a wide range of applications [2]. However, the thermal efficiency of DC plasma torches as a rule does not exceed 80%. The operating cost is an important parameter for industrial applications, so achieving of a high efficiency is an urgent task. Industrial application of alternating current (AC) plasma systems is considered in [3]. IEE RAS conducts research on physics of gas discharge aimed at obtaining of the new data required for the development of high-efficiency thermal plasma generators. Experimental models of high-voltage plasma generators have been created. The thermal efficiency of plasma torches reaches 95%, the resource of continuous operation is up to 2000 hours [4]. The work is devoted to investigation of electric arcs in a variety of environments, burning in the split cylindrical channels and closes outside of the housing.
Experiments were conducted at the work of arc systems in the open space at atmospheric pressure and when working on the plasma chemical reactor. In figure 1 shows the schematic of experimental devices and photo of the torch with arc, burning outside of the discharge channels. The form of the arc quickly changes due to surrounding conditions where flows from channels are mixing. Video recording was conducted at speed 4000 fps. Measurements of the arc current and voltage drop on various parts of the arc column were carried out using the high voltage measuring system and
multi-channel signal
acquisition. To conduct extensive experimentation with halogen-containing gases and vapors under atmospheric and elevated pressure (upto 5 bar) a diagnostic chamber with windows was developed.
system and photo of outside part of arc. 1 – power supply, 2 – cases, 3 – electrode, 4 – swirling gas flow, 5- arc.
Experimental studies of the high-voltage AC arcs, depending on the composition of the plasma-forming gas (air, CO 2 , CH
4 , steam and mixtures) and flowrate, parameters of the power source, influence of
external conditions were carried
out. Measurements of parameters of electric arcs with currents of 85 A (rms), the voltage drops to 3.3 kV (rms) are performed, dynamic characteristics are obtained. Average temperature of working gas exceeded 3000 K and in discharge zone temperature was above 8000 K.
The work is supported by RFBR grant 15-08-05909.
[1] Rutberg P.G., Kuznetsov V.A., Popov V.E., Bratsev A.N., Popov S.D., Surov A.V., Green Energy and Technology, 115 (2013) 261-287. [2] J. Mostaghimi, M. I. Boulos Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc. 35 (2015) 421–36.
[3] L. Fulcheri, F. Fabry, S. Takali, V. Rohani Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc. 35 (2015) 565–85 [4] A.V. Surov, S.D. Popov, V.E. Popov, D.I. Subbotin, E.O. Serba, V.A. Spodobin, Gh.V. Nakonechny, A.V.
Pavlov, Fuel
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.02.104
11
89 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
3D modelling of Negative Ion extraction in ITER-like NBI via massive parallel calculations
A. Revel 1,2 , S. Mochalskyy 1 , I.M. Montellano 1 , Dirk Wünderlich 1 , Ursel Fantz 1 , T. Minea 2
1 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748, Garching, Germany 2 P2
Saclay, Orsay CEDEX, 91405, France
Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) is one of the key elements for additional heating and current drive in fusion devices. The NBI system for ITER is based on the extraction and acceleration of negative ions (NI) produced in a low pressure plasma with complex 3D magnetic fields. The modelling of the extraction region is of high interest as it mostly determines the NI beam characteristics such as current density, emittance, etc. Modelling these very high electron density (~ 10 17 m
-3 ) plasmas using Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations demands refined mesh and together with the 3D treatment huge computation resources to respect the stability criteria. The comparative results obtained by several numerical schemes are discussed and the main features of the NI beam are presented as issued from massive parallel calculations.
The NBI for ITER is based on NI extracted from low pressure plasma ion source. A total current of 40 A will be further accelerated up to 1 MeV by a multi-grid, multi-aperture extraction system. The RF prototype source for ITER corresponds to 1/8 size of the ITER source [1 and references in]. Understanding of the NI beam formation is of high importance for the optimisation of the beam optics. The beam divergence affects its focusing and can lead to serious power load on beam line components, and even to the failures of the system. Moreover, plasma electrons are co-extracted together with NI. In order to reduce electron extraction, a bias potential is applied to the first grid, the plasma grid (PG), and additionally complex 3D magnetic fields are used. Hence, modelling of the extraction region is necessarily 3D to take into account this complex field topology.
The ONIX code uses the Particle-in-Cell Monte- Carlo collision approach for modelling a part of the extraction region: a small volume surrounding a single extraction aperture. This volume extends each side of the PG, 2 cm in the plasma source and 1 cm outside. Details are given in [2]. The influence of the mesh size, of electron thermalization in the particle injection region and of different particle re-injection schemes, investigated by massive parallel simulations, are presented and discussed [3].
3. Results and discussion
Fig.1. (a) Cross section of a NI beamlet obtained by ONIX with 4096 CPUs for the configuration of the prototype source; NI beam emittance for (b) NI coming from the plasma volume and (c) from the conical part of the PG.
Independent of the numerical schemes, the NI beam features (Fig. 1) are very alike. It comes out that the NI beamlet is composed of two NI ensembles: one is well focused and originates from the plasma volume. A second one originates from the chamfered wall of the aperture that provides an overfocused beamlet and dominates the current density.
[1] B. Heinemann et al. New Journal of Physics 19 (2017) 015001 [2] S. Mochalskyy et al. Nucl. Fusion 10 (2016) 106025
[3] A. Revel et al. Nucl. Fusion (2017) to be submitted Topic number 90
Poster Contributions 91
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Similarity of gas discharges at low pressure in the gaps between two plane-parallel electrodes
Y. Fu P , U X. Wang P , S. Yang, X. Zou, H. Luo P
P Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China P
The experiments show that the breakdown voltage of the gap between plane-parallel electrodes can be expressed with U b = f (p·d, d/r) where p, d, r are gas pressure, gap length and electrode radius, respectively. It was proved that U b = f (p·d, d/r) fulfils two necessary conditions for the similar discharges, which implies that U b = f (p·d, d/r) is an expression of the similarity theorem in non- uniform electric field. There exist similar glow discharges in argon only when the scaled-down factor k for the two gaps is limited, which was explained that the forbidden processes such as the stepwise ionization and the inelastic collision of second kind violate the similarity of discharge as k increases. The Paschen’s curves for the gaps with a same d but different r intersect as p rises, which was explained based on the mean free path length of the electrons inversely proportional to p and the electron impact ionization coefficient exponentially increasing with the electric field.
If two gaps are similar in geometry with all linear dimensions in proportion, they are called geometri- cally similar gaps. If the discharges in these gaps have same voltage-current characteristics, they are said to be similar. For the similar discharges, the physical parameters of the plasma in one gap are proportional to those in the other gap. Similarity of gas discharge enables us to use the known properties of the discharge in one gap to extrapolate the features of the discharges in the other geometrically similar gap for which the experimental studies may not be feasible or even possible. Paschen’s law, U b = f (p·d), described the gas breakdown in uniform electric field. Townsend indicated that Paschen’s law is just a special case of a more general similarity theorem which can be applied equally to the discharges in non-uniform fields if the discharges are dominated by the electron collision. In this paper, the results from the investigation of the discharge similarity in low-pressure gas between plane-parallel electrodes were presented. It was found by experiments that the breakdown voltage of the gap depends not only on the product of gas pressure p and gap length d but also on the aspect ratio of the gas gap d/r where r is the electrode radius, i.e., U b = f (p·d, d/r). It was mathematically proved that U b = f (p·d, d/r) fulfils two necessary conditions for the similar discharges in the non-uniform electric field, which implies that U b = f (p·d, d/r) is an expression of the similarity theorem in the breakdown of a gap between two plane-parallel electrodes and confirms the Townsend’s prediction that the general similarity theorem can be applied equally to the breakdowns in non-uniform fields. It was also found by experiments that there exist similar glow discharges in argon only when the scaled-down factor k for two geometrically similar gaps is limited. By theoretical analysis, it was explained that the forbidden processes such as the stepwise ionization and the inelastic collision of second kind violate the similarity of discharge as k increases, which was verified by the numerical simulations of the discharges with or without these two forbidden processes taken into account. The intersection of Paschen’s curves for the gaps with a same gap length but different electrode radius was observed. While the breakdown voltage increases with the increase of the nonuniformity in the electric field of the gap at lower pressures, it decreases at higher pressures. The reason for the intersection of Paschen’s curves was given based on the mean free path length of the electrons inversely proportional to the gas pressure and the electron impact ionization coefficient exponentially increasing with the electric field. The intersection of the Paschen’s curves was qualitatively reproduced by numerical simulation. The authors would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China for supporting the research under contracts 51477087 and 51377095. Topic number: 8 93
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Development of ambient desorption/ionization source using ultrafast laser and nonthermal atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet for ambient imaging mass spectrometry
J. Y. Kim P 1 P , E. S. Seo UP 1 P , H. Kim
P 2 P , D.-K. Lim P 3 P , D. W. Moon 1
P 1 P
P
P
3 P
sensitively image the live hippocampal tissue at ambient environment in the subcellular level. The method is based on an efficient desorption process by femtosecond (fs) laser assisted with nanoparticles and a subsequent ionization step by applying nonthermal plasma for ambient MS imaging. The desorption of molecules from live tissues was found to be greatly enhanced by the strong photothermal effect of gold nanorods and fs laser. The subsequent ionization process with nonthermal atmospheric helium plasma jets enabled production of sufficient amounts of molecular ions of important molecules from a live hippocampal tissue. Combining the ambient nanoPALDI with microscopic sample scanning, MS imaging with spatial resolution of 1.4 µm could be obtained with a sampling depth down to several tens of µm.
Although ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS) is a promising analytic technique for biological samples because of its ambient analytic process and no or minimal sample pretreatment [1-3], their applications are still limited due to the insufficient spatial resolution of several tens and hundreds micrometers. Here, we report a new ambient imaging mass spectrometric method with high spatial resolution based on gold nanorod assisted femtosecond laser desorption and subsequent non-thermal plasma induced ionization, termed ambient nanoparticle and plasma assisted laser desorption ionization (ambient nanoPALDI) MS.
Non-thermal helium atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) and femtosecond near infrared lasers are used as ambient sampling/ionization sources. The energetic light generated by femtosecond lasers focuses on a very small spot of the sample through the objective lens. At same time, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet device forms the plasma medium on the sample. The desorption of molecules from live tissues is found to be greatly enhanced by the strong photothermal effect of gold nanorods and femtosecond laser, and the subsequent ionization process with nonthermal atmospheric helium plasma jets enabled production of sufficient amount of molecular ions of important molecules from a live hippocampal tissue. 3. Experimental Results Combined the ambient nanoPALDI with microscopic sample scanning, MS imaging with spatial resolution of 1.4 µm can be obtained with a sampling depth down to several tens of µm. The linear crater generated by ambient nanoPALDI on a hippocampal tissue is exceptionally sharp with the side wall width of around 1 µm and a flat plateau in the bottom. Gold nanorods are uniformly distributed over tissues by cellular uptake of live cells in tissues without any toxic effects and responsible for the high molecular ion intensity and the high spatial resolution. Our ambient nanoPALDI-MS effectively ablates the bulk molecular constituents down to at least several tens of µm while keeping the high spatial resolution which minimizes the sampling problem to represent the whole tissue. From the mouse hippocampal tissue, MS imaging of bio-molecules including monoacylglycerols, cholesterols, ceramides, fragments of sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids has been obtained.
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