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JEWELRY ART
Among the folk - applied arts of the Uzbek people, jewelry occupies a special place. There is a saying in the people "If there is only one woman left in the world, then the jeweler's business will never remain unclaimed". In the Muslim world, products made and embellished with turquoise, pearls, sapphire have always been highly valued. Because these precious stones not only served as an ornament, but they also had a healing power, they influenced the psychological and spiritual state of a person. For example, pearls have the property of strengthening the human body, it eliminates an unpleasant smell in the mouth, stabilizes the heartbeat, improves the stomach and liver, improves vision, clears kidney stones and spleen, and much more. Turquoise warns against adversity and the evil eye, treats gastric deficiency and improves vision, 195 treats eye inflammation, snake bite is considered the best medicine. Therefore, in ancient times, daughters-in-law always wore turquoise jewelry. Sapphire, both in the East and in Europe, was highly valued. It was used to make various jewelry such as earrings, necklaces, rings, buttons and much more. In the middle ages, lovers gave Sapphire to their chosen ones. The man wearing the turquoise ornament was protected from evil spirits and rashes. Turquoise promoted concentration of attention of the person, lifted mood. Of chalcedony in the past created rings, beads and necklaces, brosley and more. Chalcedony relieves stress, has a calming effect. Uzbek jewelry art has deep roots. It was formed in primitive society. According to archaeological excavations we can say that jewelry was one of the oldest forms of art. From the first century BC to the Viiiivek ad in the settlement of Ayritom, Afrasiab, Dalvarzintepa, Bolaliktepa, Holchaen jewelry art was highly developed. This can be seen from the objects and drawings found in the excavations. In the last period of the Neolithic (IV-III Millennium BC) appeared amulets in the form of bells, jewelry made of various stones, shells, as well as jewelry made from the bones of various animals. This once again proves the development of jewelry in those days. In the IV-V centuries ad jewelry was used very little. Mainly made of stones, glass and various impurities. For example, found in Khorezm glass figurines amulet in the form of a frog and a tiger. X-Xvv. buttons with large holes in the bones were used. XIV-Xvvv. jewelry was well developed, but the products have not survived to our time. In made on breast jewelry XVI century, preserved, only in drawings. In products XIV-XVIII Centuries patterns and drawings have become more complicated. If the jewelry of the XIII-XIV centuries depicted mainly images of animals, then there were compositions from Arabic script and script, often quotes and surahs from the "Koran". Such drawings on the one hand were decoration, and on the other hand had some meaning. After the Mongol invaders conquered Central Asia, gold coins were issued. Gold jewelry was made of gold, bronze and other precious metals. XIX-XX centuries. Central Asian countries, artistic handicraft developed rapidly, including jewelry. In many cities like Bukhara, Kokand, Khiva, Samarkand, Karshi, Shahrisabz, Tashkent and many other cities there were master jewelers, they lived and worked in separate mahallas. In the markets of these cities there were special jewelry shops, and each master had his own technique. Therefore, the mahals were called "Zargaron" or "Zargar", which means the street of jewelers. In 1860 there were 12 jewelry shops in Khiva, by the beginning of the twentieth century there were about 400 in Bukhara, about 100 in Tashkent, more than 20 in Samarkand. In those days, the most famous masters of jewelry were Usto Mahmud, Usto Omonkhozhi, M. Rakhimov, H. nazhmiddinov in Kokand, Usto Niez Ohun in Namangan, Usto Khudoibergan, H. Otaboev in Andijan, S. Bobozhonov, Ohun bobozhonov, Usto Samigiddin, A. Shoislomov in Tashkent, H. Yuldoshev, I. Komilboev, V. Hafizov in 196 Samarkand and many others. Today, in the Republic and its cities such as Andijan, Bukhara, Fergana, Samarkand,Haresm and other cities there are many jewelers who work with different materials. Modern masters use not only new technologies, they have preserved centuries-old traditions of handicraft. They produce products according to modern technologies, ethics and aesthetics of modern times, while maintaining the national flavor and traditions formed over many centuries. Download 1.92 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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