O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti viloyat to’xsanova

 
HAMMERED CRAFTSMANSHIP 
Hammered craftsmanship is one of the most common folk-applied arts 
among the people. By hammered craftsmanship is meant manufactured metal 
products, that is, metal products with embossed or carved patterns, applied by 
carving on the product. In Central Asia, after pottery, hammered craft is 
considered one of the common crafts. 
Hammered craft is distinguished from other crafts by the application of 
symbolic signs, thereby contributing to the spread of ideals or idealistic 
symbols. Local craftsmen mainly used gold, copper, bronze, brass and many 
other precious metals easily processed. Ancient and middle age hammered 
products were mainly made of silver. Since the XI century, hammered products 
were made of copper, as well as copper mines found in Egypt prove that the first 
copper coils were made in the II century BC. Hammered art has spread widely 
in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Central Asia, India, the Middle earth sea and 
many other places.Found reels were depicted animals, symbols and even some 
historical events of the ancient world. In particular, the found cauldron in 
Fergana belongs to the first Millennium BC, it depicts various animals caused 
by the so-called "animal cutting", this once again proves the antiquity of this 
type of craft and art. The conquest of Central Asia by Alexander the great in the 
fourth century BC and the depiction of these events on the products of 
hammered craft became an approach to the rapid spread of this art form in the 
region, in particular other crafts. III-viiii Centuries hammered craft received a 
new round of development, it is associated with many historical events of the 
time, for example, the discovery and development of the great Silk Road, as well 
as the adoption of Islam. On the one hand, hammered craft led to the emergence 
of jewelry in General. Various beautiful ornaments and trinkets, metal utensils 
and weapons, tools and tools, much more. In the products of that time you can 
see drawings like the coronation of kings or important persons, wedding 
ceremonies or rituals, images of animals and birds, fights of ancient heroes and 
mythological personalities, much more. IX-Hof production of silver has 
undergone a decline, in the era of the Temurids was mainly used bronze and 
copper. 
By the end of the XIX Century, the manufacture of products of hammered 
craft and decoration in every city of Uzbekistan opened a folk school, that is, in 

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most major cities of the time as Bukhara, Samarkand, Kokand, Margilan, 
Tashkent and other cities opened schools. Each of these schools had its own 
style and method of carving patterns, national character of ornament. The 
technique of applying patterns, depth and relief of metal products differed from 
each other.
By the end of the XVIII century Tashkent became one of the major cities of 
Central Asia. Trade relations with Afghanistan, China, Russia turned Tashkent 
into one of the major trade hubs of Central Asia. Precious metals such as copper, 
bronze, iron were imported from Russia. XIX-XX Centuries masters of 
hammered art created on the level, teapots, bowls, jugs such products as buckets, 
basins, samovars and many others. Many masters of Kokand, Khiva, 
Samarkand came to Tashkent for material and raw materials. After 1920, 
hammered craftsmanship developed rapidly, and the region's first art factory of 
hammered art opened in Tashkent.The plant produced many students. 
The size of the form of Tashkent coinage, simplicity of patterns is 
distinguished by its attractiveness and originality. Here prevails a new approach 
of cutting patterns in the style of "hoshiya" (hoshiya-a special style of cutting 
patterns characterized by depth and inclination of the pattern). Patterns of plants 
and spiral plants, patterns in the style of "Islimi" (islimi - patterns traces of the 
snake) was reflected in the works of the Tashkent masters. Even in the works of 
Tashkent masters you can see the reflection of the seven phenomena 
surrounding us as the sun and the moon, animals and plants, water and wind, 
and finally fire. Outstanding representatives of the Tashkent schools as Usto 
Mumin, Abukari Yusupov and his daughter, Zebiniso, Jamila Saidova and many 
others.
Culture, art and handicraft of Samarkand is known all over the world.
Samarkand is one of the oldest cities of the East and the world. Folk arts and 
crafts of Samarkand developed in a peculiar way, and the dawn fell in the era of 
the Temurids. At this time many masters from all over the world were brought 
to Samarkand and invited. One of these masters of hammered art was Usto 
Kamol who lived in the XVI century in Samarkand. At that time there was no 
equal to him. In the XIX century folk handicraft received a new round of 
development. It was at this time that the school of copper coinage was 
established. In 1924-1930 Samarkand was the capital of the Republic. 
Samarkand chased school differs in that on the rim, that is, on the edges of the 
product is applied a kind of cutting in the style of " chekma "(chekma-a special 
cutting on a metal product in the form of a shallow groove around the rim). 
Masters cause drawing in the large-format sizes depending on the size of a 
product, that is drawing is selected from the size of the made subject with 
differently level drawings in the form of "tanob" (tanob - one of types of the 
cutting allocated by small pieces). The patterns of the masters are not similar to 
the patterns carved by the masters of Khiva, Bukhara,and Fergana. Samarkand 
masters used the figure of "cherburg" (carberg - flower in the form of four 
lestnica). Prominent representatives of the Samarkand school are such eminent 

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masters as Usto Ahmad, coppersmith Usto Ohunjon, Salim, Usto Haidar huja, 
Karim Gofurov, Karim Akhmedov, Usto Togay and many others. 
Karshi school of hammered art.Karshi school of hammered art was formed 
and opened in the late XIX and early XX century. In the late nineteenth century 
and early twentieth century, the city of Karshi was ruled by representatives of 
the noble beks sent by the Emir of Bukhara. Therefore, masters and craftsmen 
were invited from Bukhara. Hammered craft, although it was under the 
protectorate of Bukhara masters, it had a peculiarity. For example, many objects 
of hammered art made in Karshi, when applying and cutting patterns, local 
masters applied multi-colored patterns, then covered with a special colored 
lacquer. Masters of the hammered craft of the city of Karshi made objects of art 
and decorated them themselves. The master used the method of "COLIPA" (clip 
–means a form that is shaped the way). On a flat surface, pieces of turquoise 
were first applied, then pieces of copper plates were applied and connected by 
heating and cooling, then patterns were cut out, then decorated with colored 
lacquer. On the products of hammered art, made in the city of Karshi, the 
patterns were simpler than those made in Bukhara. And in Karshi, as in 
Bukhara, hammered art and craft developed along with copper craft. Such 
masters as sadiy Sharofiy Asad, Usto Abdukodir Nizomiddin, Usto urin, 
Salohiddin, Ikromiddin, khudoyberdi Zhuraev and many others were bright 
representatives of the school of hammered art.