O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti viloyat to’xsanova

THE ART OF WOOD CARVING. 
The art of wood carving is one of the most common forms of art in 
Uzbekistan. Here any image is drawn and cut on the tree. This kind of artistic 
and visual art exists among all peoples of the world, since ancient times it has 
been used in construction and architecture, in the economic and household 
sphere. Over the centuries, the art of wood carving developed in Europe and 
Asia and acquired its own special style and method of applying patterns. In 
Central Asia, this type of art was also used in architecture and construction, as 
well as in the economic and household sphere. Carved wood products such as: 
Windows and doors, tables and chairs, cabinets and chests, chests of drawers 
and boxes, spoons and plates, hon Ottoman and Ottoman (hon Ottoman-one of 
the varieties of the table with short legs, Ottoman-from Persian means wood, 
wooden longitudinal bench as a hard sofa) various grilles and fences were 
widely used both in construction and everyday life. At the end of the VII 
century, the art of wood carving became popular among the Uzbek people. This 
is due to the fact that in the Middle Ages trade relations between the West and 
the East developed rapidly. 
In the XI-XIII Centuries folk arts and crafts developed rapidly. The 
application of complex patterns was dominated by the application of geometric 
shapes, that is, patterns in the style of girih. For example, a piece of carving 
found on a tree in the memorial of Shohizind of Samarkand of the XIII Century 
is distinguished by its elegance and naturalness of applying patterns. In this 
segment, the features of the application of patterns are characterized by the 
completeness of compositional ornaments and geometric shapes. 
In the XIX - XX centuries, such crafts as wood carving and ganch, 
hammered craftsmanship, the art of applying patterns rapidly developed and in 
each region, the city formed a kind of school of craft, in particular wood 
carving. During this period, such masterpieces as the Palace of khudoyarkhan in 
Kokand, the Romanov Palace in Tashkent, the house of Zainiddinbaya in Kuva, 
the madrasa of Saidahmad Khoja, the Palace of Sitorai Mohi Khosa in Bukhara 
were created as the brightest example of the art of wood carving. 

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One of the brightest representatives of the Uzbek school of folk and applied 
art and masters of wood carving are Olimjon Kosimzhonov (1878-1924), 
sulaymon khuzhaev (1866-1946) and many others have created many beautiful 
works of art. They created schools of wood carving and produced many famous 
students.
In wood carving, a peculiar style and method of carving was formed. For 
example: Margilan wood carving is distinguished by the depth of relief carving 
and solid composition.Kokand wood carving has the property of a convex shape, 
and is called "burtma", which means relief or convex. In Tashkent wood 
carving is widely used methods of drawing and cutting and Margilan and 
Kokand schools, and methods and styles of carving structurally different, solid 
relief patterns are intertwined. Khiva wood carving differs from other 
monumental and multicolored; the main thing is the preservation of the natural 
color of the wood. Bukhara wood carving is characterized by the attractiveness 
of patterns, that is, here used in the decoration of gilded elements and colorful 
paints complement the compositional content of the patterns.
Tashkent school of wood carving. Masters of this school cut out patterns 
with small carving, the least relief and density of patterns. Compositional 
ornament and artistic patterns attract the inhabitants of its subtlety and 
repeatability, in particular spiral prominent patterns in the form of plants and 
flowers. 
Masters of the Khiva school of wood carving mainly used " kairagach” 
(kairagach-a kind of tree growing in Central Asia). To preserve the natural color 
of the wood, special cumin oils were used and absorbed for soft processing and 
application of patterns. Khiva school of wood carving is characterized by 
monumental patterns. 
Kokand and Fergana school of wood carving.Kokand masters carved 
spoons, chairs and Ottoman hon (hon Ottoman - one of the varieties of table 
ukorochenniy legs). Patterns of wood carving were distinguished by the 
shortness of the pattern and relief patterns are not large, this method was used in 
architecture in the manufacture of doors and Windows. Column (Ustun-wooden 
column) and lattices. The wooden columns “ustanak” patterns were applied over 
deep cuts and was monumental patterns.Kokand school mainly used white 
wood, that is, "TERAK” (TERAK is one of the varieties of Asian birch), as well 
as "Beech". Masters first applied the pattern, painted a more elevated color and 
only then covered with varnish. The Margilan School of wood carving has a 
national character of applying patterns, that is, using a deep-relief method of 
carving patterns. This method was at the origins of the art of wood carving in the 
Fergana valley. Later this sposob steel ispolzovatj and architecture. 
The art of carving on stone and bone. 
The art of carving on stone is one of the rarest types of folk and applied art. 
This kind of art requires from human not only patience and skill, but and 
diligence and force, so as here needs huge investment forces physical health. As 

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well as this kind of art is popularly referred to as "sangtarashan" (sangtarashan 
means stone craft). Stone carving craft, it is not only the processing of stone as a 
building material, but the craft of carving patterns and drawings. For carving 
patterns on stone, linear carving, "zanjiri uyma" (zanjiri uyma - cutting in the 
form of a chain, that is, spiral carving), lattice carving (chambarasimon uyma) or 
lattice, volumetric carving is mainly used. Stones of medium and hard density 
and hardness are mainly used in stone-making craft. Categories of soft stones 
include-talcochlorite, dense stone, limestone: medium density stones include-
onyx, porphyry, calcareous marble, marble: hard density stones include-lapis 
lazuli, amozon, ATAG, malachite, jadent, jade, Jasper and others. Of the above 
stones were made large cauldrons, jugs, lagans, bowls, figurines, statues of large 
and small sizes. In the manufacture of bowls, casans carved patterns of plants, 
geometric shapes, symbolic patterns, drawings with plot compositions.
The art of stone carving is currently developing rapidly in the Republic. 
Such masters as: R. Obidov, A. Boltaev, Z. Khudaiberganov, H. Rakhimov, B. 
Davlatov, A. Bekzhanov, K. Polvonov, Z. Abdulov, K. Ruzmetov, Zh. Zhuraev, 
A. Turdiev, B. Kamolov, B. zhabborov, A. Khaitov, S. Khamidov and many 
others. The works of folk artists serve the people, pleasing connoisseurs of the 
art of carving patterns on stone. The art of carving on stone is considered one of 
the rare forms of art, in the conditions of development of modern technologies 
acquires a peculiar way of development. 
The art of carving patterns on bones 
Among the folk crafts, the art of carving a pattern on the bones occupies a 
special place. This kind of art came to Central Asia from India. India, Yakutia, 
some African countries and China are considered the legislators of this art form.
The antiquity of the art of carving patterns on bones is evidenced by 
various objects and products found in archaeological excavations. The 
development of this art form lagged behind in Central Asia for geographical 
reasons. However, this art form was widely used in the art of making knives, 
popularly referred to as "kortsozi" or "pichoxozlik", which means the art of 
making knives. Here was mainly used by home and small bones of cattle.
The art of carving patterns on bones appeared in early 1959. The only 
master clippings and wood and bones is considered to be the honored worker of 
arts in the Republic of Uzbekistan Artician Fayzullaev. Artician Fayzullaev on a 
level, studying the art of cutting on wood, as he studied the art of cutting on the 
bones. He visited museums and factories in Moscow and Kiev, where he studied 
the art and craft of carving patterns on bones. 
As the famous master said: "Mammoth Tooth, walrus tooth, elephant bones 
and tusks, bones of horses and other animals are the raw materials for the craft 
of carving bone products." In the works of art, the patterns created by the master 
were applied in two layers, gradually passing the application of patterns in three 
layers. In the compositional plan, the patterns are applied of medium depth, 
spiral plant-like patterns or patterns resembling geometric shapes are depicted. 

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Flowers were applied in the style of "ghuli girih", which means flower girih. 
Such patterns in most resembled symbolic patterns. Such patterns were mainly 
used in wood carving in the manufacture of individual parts of objects consisting 
of a wooden base, that is, products in which the part consisted of wood. 
Kokand craftsmen mainly applied patterns on the bones with relief 
cuttings. Tashkent masters applied solid relief patterns, where solid drawings 
were also widely used in wood carving.