O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti viloyat to’xsanova
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CERAMICS
Goncharnyi product is made of clay items, brought to the artwork one of the oldest crafts of the ancient East and the world. These clay objects represent a symbol of purity and kindness. In the East you can still find clay and ceramic utensils and decor. Initially, clay was considered a symbol of prosperity, blessings and beauty. In primitive society, clay was used as a product for decoration and building material, and only then as a product or decoration, serving for the use or application of patterns. Uzbek art of pottery has a very ancient history and a unique tradition. Products of pottery were originally shaped vessels, and then there were bowls, teapots, plates, jugs, kungans, lagans and more. The invention of porcelain was the pinnacle of pottery. In the manufacture of porcelain special clay clay first brought to the condition, then heated to the desired temperature until the appearance of a rocky layer. The first porcelain products appeared in the Neolithic era. In world history there is a legend that porcelain was invented in ancient China. Initially, ware items were made, then decorative items. Since clay can be found in different parts of the world, pottery developed everywhere, but each area had its own characteristics of production, and developed in its own way in some parts of the world at a rapid pace, in others at a later period. However, in the manufacture of pottery, the Potter's wheel was used everywhere at the same time, that is, the Potter's wheel was used all over the world. The Potter's wheel was invented in BC. 191 Three thousand years ago. Basically, these craft men had been engaged in. Then the products were heated in special furnaces, and decorated with drawings. The art of pottery developed rapidly in Central Asia in VIII-XII centuries. This is proved by pottery found in the excavations of Afrasiab and other places in Asia Minor. At that time, the culture of the East, in particular Central Asia, developed rapidly. This was preceded by a number of historical events, such as the adoption of Islam, the development of trade relations with China and the West, and a convenient location in the heart of the great Silk Road. On an equal footing with art and culture, science also developed. The greatest scientists of that time lived in Central Asia, as Beruniy, al Kharezmi, Ibn Sina, Firdavsi, and Rudaki. These famous scientists of science and philosophy were not only scientists of that time, but also ideologists of culture, science, philosophy, spirituality, ethics and aesthetics. Their works on the "Perfect man", on morality and spirituality form the basis of new ideological and spiritual views of mankind. In the XIII century, after the conquest of Central Asia by the Mongols, pottery and art, like many other things, fell into decline. Bukhara, Samarkand, Marv, Urgench, Sogda, Balkh and many other cities were burned or destroyed forever. As a result, pottery, like many other things, fell into decline. Since the XIV century, pottery has received a new round of development. This is due to the arrival to power of Amir Temur and the Temurid dynasty.By the beginning of the XIX century there were Potter's schools. The need for water in Central Asia has always been one of the burning issues, and therefore the production of pottery and their decoration has always occupied a major place in production. On an equal footing with the manufacture of pottery masters paid great attention to their decoration and aesthetic appearance of products. In the XIX century, the pottery of the Uzbek and Tajik people reached the peak of its development. Pottery schools were opened in Gijduvan, Rishtan, Shahrisabz, Samarkand, Tashkent and Paikent. In 1932, training and production courses organized in Tashkent United folk masters and artisans, including folk artisans of pottery. There were organized courses of pottery and ceramics. Masters of pottery and ceramics were taught the craft to all parties and the secrets of the art. Among the famous masters who taught the intricacies of the craft were Rishtan master Usto Muhammad Siddiq, Usmon Umarov, Tashkent master Turob Miraliyev, shakhrisab master Rustam Egamberdiev, Karim Hazratkulov and many others. Among them, a special place is occupied by the people's artist of the Republic of Uzbekistan Mukhiddin Rakhimov, who worked fruitfully for many years. He organized a kind of school of pottery and created many works of art of folk crafts. Rakhimberdi Matchonov is one of the masters who made a huge contribution to the pottery school of Khorezm. It occupies a special place in the applied fine arts of Uzbekistan. Khorezm pottery school is separated from the pottery schools of Baku, Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Andijan, Fergana and other cities by its way and style, composition and color, dynamics and manufacturing technology. |
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