Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study
partially mapped and what constraints are applied to that selection. Attempts
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PhD-Thesis-99
partially mapped and what constraints are applied to that selection. Attempts 106 to constrain the mapping process in metaphorical production and comprehension can be found in Lakoff’s (1990, 1993) ‘Invariance Principle’ 107 , i.e. “metaphorical mappings preserve the cognitive topology of the source domain in a way consistent with the inherent structure of the target domain” (1993: 215). The Invariance Principle is useful in order to constrain the nature of those mappings: that is to say, it is not possible to map from the source domain structure that does not preserve the inherent structure of the target domain. The only problem with this principle is that it does not show exactly what part of the source domain is the one that must be consistent with the structure of the target domain. In Chapter 6, I introduce the process called ‘Property Selection’ as a possible solution. Apart from providing an explanation for physical extended meanings, this process will show not only how some of the set of properties that characterise the source domain 108 are mapped onto the target domain, but also what properties are mapped. It is precisely by this selection of properties from the source domain in the target domain that metaphorical mappings are constrained. The properties selected in the target domain must be part of the properties identified in the source domain and no others. The 106 These attempts are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6. 107 See also Lakoff and Turner (1989:82), Brugman (1990), Turner (1987:143-148, 1990, 1991:172-182, 1996). 108 Chapter 5 discusses what these properties are. B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 117 selection of properties does not only take place every time metaphor is used for extending the meaning of a word, but in every extended meaning. That is why this process can also account for semantic extensions that remain physical, for those extensions that lie outside the scope of metaphor. Finally, another issue that is not discussed in either Sweetser’s approach or in the general Cognitive Linguistics literature is the role that the semantic content of the different elements in a sentence plays in the overall meaning of that sentence, and thus, in the creation of polysemous senses. Well-known studies in this framework have assumed that polysemous senses are carried by single lexical items, without taking into account the semantic content of the co-occurring elements. Brugman’s (Brugman 1981, Lakoff 1987) analysis of the preposition over is an example of such an assumption. This study will be reviewed in Section 7.1.1, where I will show how some of the extended meanings in over are obtained by the interaction of the semantic content of this preposition and the other co-occurring elements. In the semantic field of sense perception – as pointed out in Chapter 2 –, some of the extended meanings are not just the result of a verb being polysemous, but the result of the semantics of the verb and that of its arguments. For instance, in a sentence like (3) (3) I told you to listen to your mother one of the mappings that takes place in the source domain of hearing verbs is between physical hearing and the meaning ‘to heed’, ‘to pay attention’. In (3), the speaker is not only asking the hearer to pay attention to what his/her mother is saying, he/she is asked to follow and obey his/her mother’s requests. In this example, the argument to your mother is helping to create this shift from the meaning ‘to heed’ to ‘to obey’. Another example can be (4). (4) John hardly touched the food The extended meaning in this case is ‘to partake of food’. In this case, not only the argument the food causes this meaning, but also the adjunct hardly emphasises the B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 118 meaning ‘to partake’, that is to say that he did not eat very much 109 . If we replace the argument the food by the drink, the meaning will not longer be ‘to partake of food’, but ‘to partake of drink’; and if we change it for any other one not related to food or drink, this meaning will not be inferred at all. As neither Sweetser’s analysis nor other studies within Cognitive Linguistics provide an account for this kind of phenomenon, it might be useful to review an approach that focuses on how individual lexical items – when combined with others in phrases and clauses – can generate a larger set of word senses. As introduced in 1.2.3, Pustejovsky’s (1995) Generative Lexicon is such a model. The Generative Lexicon is an approach to the study of multiple meaning that proposes a strong compositionality framework. In the following section, I take up this model in order to see whether it can solve some of the shortcomings found in Sweeter’s theory in respect of the role that the arguments play in the overall meaning of a sentence. Download 1.39 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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