Power house arrangements and hydraulic
Fig.8 Horizontal Pelton turbine for Skjaak power plant. Power, net head and speed are P=31,47 MW
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General arrangement for Pelton-Francis-Kaplan-Kaplan Bulb
Fig.8 Horizontal Pelton turbine for Skjaak power plant. Power, net head and speed are P=31,47 MW,
Hn=638 m, n=500 rpm. For the vertical Pelton turbines located in cavern powerhouses the axial hydraulic forces are normally transfered from the manifold through the concrete to the rock wall on downstreaside of the power- house as shown in fig.7. The maximum magnitude of this force can be expressed by eq.1 The reaction forces from the jets are negligible compared to the static hydraulic forces on the manifold. The forces are transferred through the runner and balanced by the turbine bearing and the torque is transferred to the generator stator anchored in the concrete. For horizontal one and 2 jets turbines the jet forces are transferred to the concrete via the radial bearing. During rejection the jets are deflected by the deflectors and the force is transferred to the concrete via the manifold. The maximum reaction force from each jet can be calculated by following expression: Here d j is the maximum jet diameter. However, in order to transfer the large axial forces from the inlet of a manifold or spiral casing of Francis turbines to the power house an extension of the inlet flange must be welded to the inlet. This flange extension must be dimentioned to reduce the specific pressure on the concrete to maximum 7 MPa to avoid crushing and cracking of the concrete quality which is normally used. The arrangement is illustrated in fig.7, where also the location of the necessary reinforcement bars surrounding the manifold and locatet on the outside of the turbine casing are shown. Note! The hydraulic forces carried by the tangential stresses in a Pelton turbine manifolds or spiral cases of high head Francis turbines are so large that only a negligible part of the hydraulic load can be carried by the concrete. Reinforcement bars are only placed to avoid cracking of the concrete surrounding the steal plates. To avoid local increases of the stresses in the steel plates of the manifold by contact to the concrete, 5 mm soft materials are glued to the steel plates where the maximum deformations occur i.e. at the bifurcations. The spherical inlet valve is normally free to slide horizontally on its foundation plates on top of the concrete foundations, but is anchored vertically to avoid vibration during valve closure with open needles caused by cavitation during emergency operation. For high head Francis turbines the hydraulic forces transferred to the concrete is similar to the forces from a vertical Pelton turbine, but the movement of the inlet flange in axial direction is smaller because the inlet part and outlet part in a spiral case are joint in a closed loop. Reinforcement bars, which are located at each bifurcation in a manifold, will of course not be used for a Francis spiral case. IT SHOULD ALSO BE EMPHASIZED THAT NO WELDING OF REINFORCEMENT BARS IS ALLOWED ONTO THE HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH STEEL PLATES IN THE STRESS CARRYING PARTS OF HIGH HEAD FRANCIS OR PELTON TURBINES. THE REASON FOR THIS IS THAT DANGEROUS LOCAL HARDENING AND CRACKS MAY OCCUR IN THE STEEL PLATES. The desribed forces transferred to the powerhouse from vertical turbines described in the previously is valid only for cavern power plants with solid rock on the downstream side. For open air power houses the horizontal axial forces must normally be transferred to the penstock flange by a rigid connection through the inlet valve as described for the horizontal Pelton turbine. Also for horizontal Francis turbines the axial forces must normally transfer to the penstock flange. For Kaplan turbines with steel plate spiral casing there is normally no inlet valve and the axial forces will be transferred to the penstock. The vertical hydraulic forces transferred from the spiral casing will, because of large dimensions and flexible design of low head turbines, partly be transferred to the concrete balance by the weight of the generator. The generator weight is thus utilised to balance the forces from the hydraulic load on the concrete. For Kaplan turbines with unlined concrete spiral cases, a large support from the generator weight may be utilised in addition to the anchoring of the stay ring. (see fig.9). In fig.9 is shown the excavated powerhouse for Solbergfoss which has a big Kaplan turbine delivered by KVÆRNER. The turbine, which was described in fig.10, has individual servomotors for the guide vanes. The unit has the thrust bearing located on the turbine head cover which reduces the relative vertical movement between runner and runner chamber. The max flow capacity is Q=500 m3/sec. Download 1.01 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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